Lesson 141 Sally's first train ride萨利第一次乘火车旅行
课文详注 Further notes on the text
1．my four-year-old daughter，我那4岁的女儿。
four-year-old 是名词 daughter的定语。各词用连字符连在一起，构成一个复合形容词。注意在这个复合词中仅用单数 year，而不用复数：如：
a thirteen-year-old girl 一个13岁的姑娘 a five-year-old boy 一个五岁的男孩 a three-meter-tall tree 一棵三米高的树
2．… Sally was invited to a children's party. ……萨莉被邀请去参加一个儿童聚会。
这是一个被动语态的例子。在英文中，假如想避免用含混不清的词（如 someone等）作主语，经常可使用被动词态。（具体请参见本课语法部分。）被动语态由相应的be动词加上过去分词构成：
It is repaired regularly. 它定期修理。
They are corrected regularly. 它们得到了定期校正。
He was met at the station this morning. 今早有人在车站接他。
3．She had never travelled on a train before. 她以前从未坐过火车。
这句话使用的是过去完成时，副词before通常用于完成时态（现在完成时或过去完成时）的句子里，而ago用在过去时的句子里。
4. a middle-aged lady，一位中年女士。
middle-aged是一个复合形容词，这种复合形容词是由名词/形容词+过去分词构成。例如：
a hand-made coat 一件手工制作的上衣
a large-eyed boy 一个大眼睛的男孩
a long-legged girl 一个长腿的姑娘
5．opposite Sally，在萨莉的对面。
这是介词短语，作状语，修饰sat，表示其具体状态、情况。
6．take out，拿出。
7．make up her face，往她的脸上施脂粉。
make up意为“化妆”、“妆扮”（指擦胭脂、抹粉）。
8．To make myself beautiful … 把自己妆扮漂亮……
这是一个省略句，句首省略了I am doing that，而只留下这个作目的状语的动词不定式短语；beautiful 作 myself 的宾语补足语。
9．put away，收拾好，储存备用。
She washed the cups and put them away. 她洗完杯子后便把他们收了起来。
语法 Grammar in use
被动语态（1）
英语动词有主动语态和被动语态之分。在主动句中，动词的主语是执行动作的人或物。在被动句中，主语是动作的承受者。
在英语中被动词态用得很普遍，这样做可以避免用不明确的词作主语，或是将说话的重点放在事件而不是造成该事件的人或物上。
被动语态的构成： be +过去分词。
过去分词不一定指过去。请看例句：
（1）一般现在时形式： am/are/is +过去分词：
The room is aired regularly. 这个房间定期通风。
The knives are sharpened regularly. 刀定期磨。
（2）一般过去时形式： was/were +过去分词：
She was dressed in red. 她身穿红色衣服。
The windows were opened this morning. 窗户今早是开着的／被打开了。
（3）英语中表达感情的动词通常可用于被动式，这些动词如：amuse, embarrass, worry, surprise, interest, upset等：
She is embarrassed. 她感到尴尬。
They were worried. 他们感到担忧。
词汇学习 Word study
1．embarrassed adj.
（1）尴尬的；局促不安的：
He felt so embarrassed at that moment.
在那一刻，他感到如此尴尬。
The girl was very embarrassed to speak in front of so many strangers.
在如此之多的生疏人面前讲话，那个女孩子很是局促不安。
（2）陷入困境的；拮据的：
He was financially embarrassed. 他经济上陷入了困境。
He says that he is embarrassed at the moment, but he will be able to pay you next month.
他说他目前手头紧，但下个月就可以付钱给你。
2．curiously adv.
（1）好奇地：
The little boy watched curiously as his mum opened the box.
那个小男孩好奇地看着他妈妈打开盒子。
（2）过于好奇地：
She curiously opened the letter addressed to her husband.
她抑制不住好奇心，拆开了别人写给她丈夫的信。
3．kindly adv.
（1）和蔼地；亲切地：
He treats the children kindly. 他待孩子们和蔼而仁慈。
The old man greeted us kindly. 那位老人亲切地招呼我们。
（2）请（=please，有时表示客气，有时表示不满等）：
Will you kindly leave the room? 请你离开这房间好吗？
Kindly acknowledge this letter. 此信收到后请告知。
（3）乐意地；感谢地：
He never takes criticism kindly. 他从不乐于接受批评。
练习答案 Key to written exercises
Lesson 142
A
1 Sally is four years old.
2 Because Sally had never travelled on a train before.
3 She sat near the window.
4 A middle-aged lady got on the train.
5 The lady was dressed in a blue coat and a large, funny hat.
6 She opened her handbag and took out her powder compact. Then she began to make up her face.
7 Because she wanted to make herself beautiful.
8 No, she didn't.
B
1 Someone airs it regularly. It is aired regularly.
2 Someone cleans them regularly. They are cleaned regularly.
3 Someone empties it regularly. It is emptied regularly.
4 Someone sharpens it regularly. It is sharpened regularly.
5 Someone turns them on regularly. They are turned on regularly.
6 Someone waters them regularly. They are watered regularly.
7 Someone repairs it regularly. It is repaired regularly.
8 Someone dusts it regularly. It is dusted regularly.
9 Someone corrects them regularly. They are corrected regularly.
10 Someone shuts it regularly. It is shut regularly.
C
1 Someone watered them. They were watered this morning.
2 Someone repaired it. It was repaired this morning.
3 Someone dusted it. It was dusted this morning.
4 Someone corrected them. They were corrected this morning.
5 Someone shut it. It was shut this morning.
6 Someone bought them. They were bought this morning.
7 Someone swept it. It was swept this morning.
8 Someone took them to school. They were taken to school this morning.
9 Someone met them at the station. They were met at the station this morning.
10 Someone told them. They were told this morning.
被动语态是英语语法中的一个重要组成部分，它在句子中强调的是动作的承受者而非执行者。这种语态的使用有助于使句子更加客观，有时也能让句子听起来更为正式或礼貌。通过使用被动语态，作者或说话者可以避免直接指出动作的执行者，或者在某些情况下，执行者可能是未知的或不重要的。
被动语态的基本构成是“be + 过去分词”。这里的“be”动词会根据句子的主语和时态变化，而过去分词则是动词的完成形式，通常以-ed结尾（对于规则动词而言）。不过，并非所有动词的过去分词都以-ed结尾，不规则动词的过去分词形式需要特别记忆。
使用“am/is/are + 过去分词”。
使用“was/were + 过去分词”。
被动语态还可以用于其他时态，如现在进行时（am/is/are being + 过去分词），现在完成时（have/has been + 过去分词），以及各种复杂时态。
在使用被动语态时，需要注意不要过度使用，因为过多的被动语态可能会使句子显得冗长或不够直接。合理地使用被动语态，可以使语言表达更加灵活和精确。