Lesson 15 Good news
【New words and expressions】（5）
secretary n. 秘书
nervous adj. 精神紧张的
afford v. 负担得起
weak adj. 弱的
interrupt v. 插话，打断
★secretary n. 秘书
两种发音，同样还有history也是两种发音
secret n. 秘密（注意发音与secretary的不同）
★nervous adj. 精神紧张的
① adj. 神经质的，神经紧张的
She is a nervous woman. Do you see that nervous smile on her face?
② 紧张的，担心的，情绪不安的
He had never spoken in public, so he was very nervous.
nervous adj. 精神紧张的（事情发生时）
worried adj. 担心的（为以后的事情）
upset adj. 不安的 (对以前的事情)
irritable adj. 易怒的，急躁的
Our teacher is an irritable old lady. She gets angry easily.
★afford v. 负担得起
① vt. 买得起（常与can/can’t连用）
afford sth.
I can afford the coat.
② vt. 担负得起（损失、后果等），花得起（时间）（常与can/can’t连用）
afford money/time
I can afford the holiday. (有时间去)
I can afford five yuan.
I can only afford one week for the trip.
afford to do sth.
I can’t afford to be ill again. 我不能再病了。
I can afford to buy the book.
③ vt. 提供，给予
Joe afforded us a room for the night.
★interrupt v. 插话, 打断
interrupt v. 打断某人的话
disturb v. 打扰某人
Sorry to disturb you.
interruption n. 中断，打断
【Text】
The secretary told me that Mr. Harmsworth would see me. I felt very nervous when I went into his office. He did not look up from his desk when I entered. After I had sat down, he said that business was very bad. He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. Twenty people had already left. I knew that my turn had come.
'Mr.Harmsworth,' I said in a weak voice.
'Don't interrupt,' he said.
Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra thousand pounds a year!
参考译文
秘书告诉我说哈姆斯沃斯先生要见我. 我走进他的办公室, 感到非常紧张. 我进去的时候, 他连头也没抬. 待我坐下后, 他说生意非常不景气. 他还告诉我, 公司支付不起这么庞大的工资开支, 有20个人已经离去. 我知道这次该轮到我了.
“哈姆斯沃斯先生, “我无力地说.
“不要打断我的话, “他说.
然后他微笑了一下告诉我说, 我每年将得到1,000 英镑的额外收入.
【课文讲解】
1、The secretary told me that Mr. Harmsworth would see me.
would在这里不是表示单纯的过去将来时，而是表示“想……”、“要……”的意思：
What would you like to have?
John wouldn’t lend me his bicycle.
2、He did not look up from his desk when I entered.
look up表示原先在埋头干什么，之后抬头看
He looked up (from his book) when he heard a noise.
look down 往地上看（look up的反义词）
look down upon/on sb. 瞧不起某人
I look down upon my sister.
3、After I had sat down, he said that business was very bad.
Business is very good! 生意好!
4、He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.
collect salary 领薪水
pay salary 支付薪水
large一般指东西的数量大
so的后面加形容词或副词；such的后面加名词, 容许在该名词前面加修饰词
5、I knew that my turn had come.
turn n. 轮流，轮班，（依次轮流时各自的）一次机会
My turn has come.
It is my turn. 轮到我了(口语常用形式)
When his turn came, he couldn’t speak any word.
6、'Mr.Harmsworth,' I said in a weak voice.
in a … voice 用……的声音
in a loud(大声)/low (低声)/weak(强调心里不踏实)/strong(理直气壮) voice
7、Then he smiled and told me I would receive an extra thousand pounds a year!
以下几个词都可表示 “再, 又” 的意思, 注意用法 :
① an extra thousand(作名词看)
数量+extra+名词 再有多少
On Sundays, I usually get some extra sleep.
Last month, he was paid an extra hundred pounds.
② two others = two other +名词
③ two more
Give me two extra/other/more books. 再给我两本书。
once more: 再一次
④ another three days 另外三天（只有another 的数词在后面）
【Key structures】
间接引语
把某人所说的话告诉另外一个人时，应该使用间接引语。间接陈述句的时态往往受引述动词的影响。引述陈述句时最常用的动词是say和tell，tell后面必须跟表示人称的间接宾语（tell sb.），而say后面则可跟或不跟to+讲话对象。
1、主从一致 : 主句和从句的时态一致
① 主句的动词为一般现在时, 从句为任意时态
② 主句的动词为一般过去时, 从句为相对应的过去时态（时态倒移）
一般现在时——> 一般过去时 现在进行时——> 过去进行时
现在完成时——> 过去完成时 将来完成时——> 过去将来完成时
一般过去时——> 过去完成时
2、人称变化：主要是第一和第二人称变化
3、只要属于宾语从句, 引导词that可以省略
【Special Difficulties】
Nervous and Irritable
nervous adj. 紧张不安的
Examinations make me nervous.
irritable adj. 易怒的
He is such an irritable person, you can hardly speak to him.
他这个人如此容易发怒，你简直没有办法与他讲话。
Office, Study, Desk
office n. 办公室
study n. 书房
I often read in the study when I want peace and quiet.
desk n. 课桌
Exercises
1 We shall use the spare room in our new house as a ______ .
study
5 Since his illness he has been very ______ . He is always losing his temper.
irritable
Since his illness=> 自从他生了病 （since +名词）
【Multiple choice questions】
6 ___d___ turn is it? It's your turn.
a. Which b. To whom c. Who d. Whose
My turn has come.(书面语)/It is my turn.(口语)
Whose turn (is it)?/who is next? 轮到谁，谁是下一个？
10 It's your turn ___c___ .
a.It's your line b.It's your row c.You're next d.It's your chance
It's your turn. You're next.
12 The writer would receive an extra ￡1,000 a year. He would get ￡1,000 a year ___b___ .
a. less b. more c. over d. up
more可以放数词和名词之间, 甚至可以放在整个名词的后面two more eggs,once more；extra和other一定放在数词和名词之间, another一定放在数词前面
over sth. 超过(多余)什么东西
over three years
up adv. 往上
climb up
【语法精粹】
间接引语：如果是现在进行时在直接引语当中变成间接引语, 极有可能选用过去完成时
1.My brother__Ａ__while he____his bicycle and hurt himself.
A.fell/was riding B.feel/was riding
C.had fallen/rode D.had fallen/was riding
fell(跌下来),ride(骑自行车)
2.He__ C __his leg as he_____in a football match.
A.broke/played B.was breaking/was playing
C.broke/was playing D.was breaking/played
break one's leg
3.My father will be here tomorrow.
I thought that he__ A __today.
A.was coming B.is coming C.will come D.comes
be coming表示将要
跟go，come，leave，arrive相连的词一定会用进行时态表示将来时态，它们过去进行时态很有可能表达过去将来时态的含义
4.Jack was going out of the shop when he collided with an old woman who__ B __.
A.come B.was coming C.had been coming D.had come
collide : 相撞, 是相对概念
5.Mike couldn't come to the telephone when Mr.Smith called her because she___C__in the lab.
A.had been working B.has been working C.was working D.worked
【语法 Grammar in use】
间接引语（Indirect speech）
把某人所说的话告诉另外一个人时，应该使用间接引语（有的语法书称之为“转述引语”）。引述动词（如say，tell）可能是现在时，也可能是过去时（最常用）。间接陈述句的时态往往受引述动词的影响。引述陈述句时最常用的动词是say和tell。它们之间的区别是tell后面必须跟表示人称的间接宾语（tell sb….），而say后面则可跟或不跟to +讲话对象。如果需要提到听话者，tell +间接宾语通常比say + to +sb. 更常用。在say和tell后面一般不可加逗号。如果间接引语中的引述动词是现在时，那么其后的时态通常与原来口头陈述句的时态相同。转述刚刚说完的话时通常如此；引述动词如果是过去时，那么间接引语中的时态通常要“往回移”（即“倒移”）。一条普遍的规则是“现在时变为过去时，过去时变为过去完成时”。直接引语：
‘I can see him now!’
“我现在可以见他！”
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| She said, "I play football." | She said that she played football. | 一般现在时变为一般过去时 |
| He said, "I may need time off work." | He said that he might need time off work. | 情态动词 may 变为 might |
| They said, "We are going to Spain next year." | They said that they were going to Spain in the following year. | 时间副词 next year 变为 the following year |
| Tom said, "I will buy food for dinner." | Tom told her that he would buy food for dinner. | 将来时的 will 变为 would，tell 后面要加对象 |
| 主句的谓语动词 | 直接引语的时态 | 间接引语的时态 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在时 | 任何时态 | 不变 | He says, "I like this book." He says that he likes this book. |
| 过去时 | 一般现在时 | 一般过去时 | He said, "I like this book." He said that he liked this book. |
| 过去时 | 现在进行时 | 过去进行时 | She said, "I am studying English." She said that she was studying English. |
| 过去时 | 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 | They said, "We have finished our homework." They said that they had finished their homework. |
| 过去时 | 一般过去时 | 过去完成时 | Tom said, "I saw a movie yesterday." Tom said that he had seen a movie the day before. |
| 过去时 | 过去进行时 | 过去完成进行时 | Lisa said, "I was cooking dinner when you called me." Lisa said that she had been cooking dinner when I called her. |
| 过去时 | 一般将来时 | 过去将来时 | Jack said, "I will visit my parents tomorrow." Jack said that he would visit his parents the next day. |
| 过去时 | 过去将来时 | 过去完成时 | Anna said, "I would buy a new car if I had enough money." Anna said that she would have bought a new car if she had had enough money. |
| 将来时 | 任何时态 | 向过去推移，保持语气 | He will say, "I can help you." He will say that he can help me. |
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 现在时 | 一般过去时 | He said, "I am happy." → He said that he was happy. |
| 一般过去时 | 过去完成时 | She said, "I had finished my homework." → She said that she had finished her homework. |
| 现在进行时 | 过去进行时 | They said, "We are studying." → They said that they were studying. |
| 一般将来时 | 过去将来时 | He said, "I will call you later." → He said that he would call me later. |
| 现在完成时 | 过去完成时 | She said, "I have visited Paris." → She said that she had visited Paris. |
| 过去完成时 | 过去完成时 | He said, "I had already finished." → He said that he had already finished. |
| 情态动词 + 原形动词 | 情态动词 + have + 过去分词 | She said, "I can swim." → She said that she could swim. |