Lesson 51 Reward for Virtue
【New words and expressions】（10）
reward n. 报偿
virtue n. 美德
diet n. 节食
forbid v. 禁止
hurriedly adv. 匆忙地
embarrass v. 使尴尬
guiltily adv. 内疚地
strict adj. 严格的
reward v. 给奖赏
occasionally adv. 偶尔地
★reward n. 报偿；v. 给奖赏
give sb. reward 给……报偿
reward sb. with sth. 用……奖赏...
reward sb. for sth. 因为……给某人奖赏
…reward him for the first prize
★virtue n. 美德
strong points n. 长处， merit n. 优点
shortpoints n. 短处， weak points 弱点
★diet n. 节食
go on a diet =be on a diet 实行节食
★forbid（forbade，forbidden） v.禁止
forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事
allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
Forbidden City 紫禁城 (被禁止的城市) ；
Forbidden fruit 禁果
★embarrass v. 使尴尬
sth. embarrass sb. ……让……感到尴尬
You embarrassed me. 你让我感到尴尬
embarrassing adj. 令人尴尬地；embarrassed adj. 感到尴尬
embarrassment n. 尴尬
To my embarrassment，… 让我感到尴尬的是……
★guiltily adv. 内疚地
guiltily conscience 问心有愧
clear conscience 问心无愧
★strict adj. 严格的
be strict with sb. 对某人严格
My father is strict with me.
be strict in sth. 对……严格
★occasionally adv. 偶而地
on the occasion 偶尔，
sometimes 偶尔 ，
at times 偶尔
off and on 偶尔 ，
now and again 偶尔
【Text】
My friend, Hugh, has always been fat, but things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet. He began his diet a week ago. First of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden. The list included most of the things Hugh loves: butter, potatoes, rice, beer, milk, chocolate; and sweets. Yesterday I paid him a visit. I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Hugh was still as fat as ever. He led me into his room and hurriedly hid a large parcel under his desk. It was obvious that he was very embarrassed. When I asked him what he was doing, he smiled guiltily and then put the parcel on the desk. He explained that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally. Then he showed me the contents of the parcel. It contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets!
参考译文
我的朋友休一直很胖, 但是近来情况变得越发糟糕, 以致他决定节食. 他是一星期前开始节食的. 首先, 他开列了一张长长的单子, 上面列了所有禁吃的食物. 这张单子上的大多数食物都是休喜欢吃的 : 黄油、土豆、米饭、啤酒、牛奶、巧克力和糖果. 昨天我去看望了他. 我按响了门铃. 当看到休仍和往常一样胖时, 我并不感到惊奇. 他把我领进屋, 慌忙把一个大包藏到了桌子下面. 显然他感到很尴尬. 当我问他正干什么时, 他内疚地笑了, 然后把那个大包拿到了桌上. 他解释说, 他的饮食控制得太严格了, 以致不得不偶尔奖赏自己一下. 接着他给我看了包里的东西. 里面装了5大块巧克力和3袋糖果!
【课文讲解】
1、My friend, Hugh, has always been fat, but things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet.
things（要用复数形式）可以表示“情况，情形，状况，形势”等含义：
You’re surely made things worse.
How are things going on with you?
get作不及物动词时可以表示“变得”：
I got interested in French.
diet用于表示治疗某种疾病或调节体重的“特种饮食”、“规定饮食”时通常与on连用：
The doctor put him on a strict diet. 医生让他严格控制饮食。
I once went on a diet for a week and then I gave up.
2、First of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden.
first of all 首先, 首要 (许多事情中首要的, 即最重要的)
First of all I must see your passpart.
at first 首先（句型at first…, then… 起先……然后……)
write out 写出，（正式）写，全部写出
You should write out a report.
3、The list included most of the things Hugh loves: butter, potatoes, rice, beer, milk, chocolate; and sweets.
most of… 大部分……
includ和contain都有“包含”的意思，但contain可以用于表示所包含的全部事物；include则只表示其中的一部分。contain一定是容器里面装，include则含义更广，在这里不能用contain。
It included three bags of sweets.
Does the bill include a tip?
We’re including you in our team.
4、Yesterday I paid him a visit.
pay sb. a visit 拜访某人
pay you a visit.
pay a visit to sb./someplace 拜访某人/某地.
call up sb./at someplace 拜访某人/某地
have a visit＝visit
5、I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Hugh was still as fat as ever.
as…as ever 像往常一样，照旧，依然
as clean as ever；as quiet as ever
be surprised to do sth. / be surprised at sth.
6、He led me into his room and hurriedly hid a large parcel under his desk.
lead sb. into(进门)； show sb. out(出门)； see sb. off(送行)
7、It was obvious that he was very embarrassed.
obviously <adv.> ＝ it was obvious that…(it 为形式主语) 显然……
【Letter writing】
如果给一个不很熟悉的人写信, 应按如下方式开头：亲爱的布朗先生，亲爱的史密斯夫人。在姓名之后总要加上一个逗号。对对方熟悉, 但是为了表示一种尊重, 也可这么写。
写信开头：你的姐姐(Dear +姐姐的名字), 你的朋友比尔(Dear Bill), 你的老板(Dear Mr./Mrs. +某人), 你的老校长(Dear Mr./Mrs. +姓)。
在不知道对方性别姓名时 : 如应聘信开头 Dear Sir/Madam,
【Key structures】
一般过去时
与一般过去时常用的两个词是once和recently，recently在表示“最近一段时期”时也可以与现在完成时连用。
一般过去时可以用于时间状语从句中，一般过去时可以用于与最近的打算比较时。
【Special difficulties】
Raise and Rise.
raise作动词时只能作及物动词，即它必须跟宾语。它可以表示“举起，往上提，使……升高”等含义：
Will those who agree with me please raise their hands?
Why did they raise prices?
Heavy rains have raised the level of the river this year.
rise作动词时通常为不及物动词，表示“起立，起床，（日、月等）升起”等含义：
You’re still in bed and the sun has already risen!
All the students rose when the teacher came into the classroom.
Lay and Lie.
lay（laid，laid） vt. 置，搁，铺，准备
I laid your clothes on the bed so you could put them away.
If you can’t cook the dinner, you can at least lay the table.
lie（lay，lain） vi. 躺，平卧
Are you going to spend the whole morning lying in bed?
Beat and Win.
beat vt. 打败，战胜，胜过，超过
They beat their enemy, though they were fewer in number.
I beat you. 我打败了你。
表示一个球队打败另一个球队也用beat。
win vt. 在……获胜（成功），赢得，获得，夺得
Who won the race/ the war?
beat后面接对手，win不能接对手。
【Multiple choice questions】
4 How long ago ___d___his diet?
a.will he begin b.has he begun c. was he beginning d. did he begin
注意因为有ago的词, 一定不用完成时, 用一般过去时
11 He was very embarrassed. He felt ___d___.
a.shy b.shameful c.hot d.uncomfortable
注意以下三类词：
① 感官动词feel, smell(闻起来 : The food smeel well.), sound(听起来 : The idea sound good.)
② 变得get , become
③ lie
feel+adj
shy adj. 害羞的(习惯性的, 在某一种情况下就会作出的反应)
shame n. 羞愧
shameful adj. 令人羞愧的
It’s shameful. (注意它没有 “-ing” 形式)
ashamed adj. 感到羞愧的
I am ashamed.
hot adj. 热的, 恼火的
uncomfortable adj. 不舒服的, 不放松的 （comfortable 一种自在, 轻松, 放松）
ill adj. 生病
I feel ill.
terrible adj. 糟透了, 不舒服
【语法 Grammar in use】
一般过去时
在第3课及第27课的语法中我们都学习了一般过去时。在一段文字中，初次使用一般过去时的时候通常要有明确的时间状语，随后的叙述则可以不一定使用时间状语；如果不加before, after等词语，过去的动作就被认为是按所描述的顺序发生的：
One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm. Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea.
一天下午，她乘小船从海岸出发，遇上了风暴。天将黑时，小船撞在了一块礁石上，姑娘跳进了海里。
与一般过去时常用的两个词是once和recently：
I went on an excursion recently.
最近我作了一次短途旅行。
recently在表示“最近一段时期”时也可以与现在完成时连用：I haven't heard from him recently.
我最近没有收到他的信。
一般过去时也可以用于时间状语从句中。
在使用一般过去时时，重要的是要确保动词的正确变化，并且根据上下文选择合适的时间状语。此外，要注意与现在完成时的区别，现在完成时通常用于表示过去发生的动作对现在有影响或与现在有联系，而一般过去时则强调动作发生的具体过去时间。
Raise：
Rise：
Lay（过去式和过去分词：laid）：
Lie（现在分词：lying，过去式和过去分词：lain）：
Beat：
Win：