Lesson 58 A blessing in disguise?
【New words and expressions】（16）
blessing n. 福分，福气
disguise n. 伪装
tiny adj. 极小的
possess v. 拥有
cursed adj. 可恨的
increase v. 增加
plant v. 种植
church n. 教堂
evil adj. 坏的
reputation n. 名声
claim v. 以……为其后果
victim n. 受害者，牺牲品
vicar n. 教区牧师
source n. 来源
income n. 收入
trunk n. 树干
★blessing n. 福气, 福分
bless v. 保佑
God bless you! =Bless you! 上帝保佑你
Bless my country. 保佑我的国家
★disguise n. 伪装
in disguise 穿着伪装的
a wolf in disguise 披着羊皮的狼, 被伪装的狼
a blessing in disguise 因祸得福
a curse in disguise
(curse n. 诅咒, 咒语, 祸根, 祸因；vt. 诅咒, 咒骂, 降祸, 使受罪)
★tiny adj. 极小的
tiny = very very small
★possess v. 拥有
sb. possess sth. 某人有某物
possession n. 拥有, 占有, 所有, 着迷, 领土, 领地, 财产(常用复数), 自制
in one's possession 某人有某物
★cursed adj. 可恨的
cursed adj. 被诅咒的, 邪恶的
如果有-ed构成形容词, 做为形容词读音要读/id/
★increase vt. 增加
add为及物动词；grow为不及物动词
★plant v. 种植
plant强调把东西给种下去
plant tree 种树(只是种, 活不活不管)
Tree Planting day 植树节
grow v. 生长
grow sth. 种庄稼(不但种, 还要让它生长)
★church n. 教堂
church加the 表示地点；church不加the和功能有关
go to the church 去教堂玩
I am at the church. 在教堂玩
go to church 去教堂做礼拜
I am at church. 做礼拜
★evil adj. 坏的
evil = wicked adj. 邪恶的
★reputation n. 名声
good reputation 好名声； bad reputation 坏名声
fame n. 名声（一定是好名声）, 名望, 传说, <古>传闻
famous adj. 著名的, 出名的, <口>极好的, 令人满意的
★claim v. 以……为其后果
claim = take 拿, 索取
claim可以表示（疾病、意外等）夺去（生命）
The accident claimed a few lives.
★source n. 来源
resource n. 资源(一次又一次的来源，re-又)
reread vt.重读, 再读
sauce n. 沙司, 酱油, 调味料；vt. 调味, 使增加趣味（读音与source相同）
★income n. 收入
rent v. 租，租借，出租；n. 租金
interest n. 兴趣，关心，重要性，影响，利息，利益，利害
vt. 使发生兴趣，引起……的注意
bonus n. 奖金, 红利
DINK-丁克家族 : D－double，I－income，N－no，K－kids
kid n.哄骗，取笑，开玩笑，小孩，小山羊；v. 哄骗，取笑，开玩笑，欺骗
【Text】
The tiny village of Frinley is said to possess a 'cursed tree'. Because the tree was mentioned in a newspaper, the number of visitors to Frinley has now increased. The tree was planted near the church fifty years ago, but it is only in recent years that it has gained an evil reputation. It is said that if anyone touches the tree, he will have bad luck; if he picks a leaf, he will die. Many villagers believe that the tree has already claimed a number of victims. The vicar has been asked to have the tree cut down, but so far he has refused. He has pointed out that the tree cut down, but so far he has refused. He has pointed out that the tree is a useful source of income, as tourists have been coming from all parts of the country to see it. In spite of all that has been said, the tourists have been picking leaves and cutting their names on the tree-trunk. So far, not one of them has been struck down by sudden death!
参考译文
据说弗林利这个小村里有一棵 “被诅咒的树” . 就因为报上提到过这棵树, 所以现在来弗林利参观的人越来越多. 该树是50年前栽在教堂附近的, 但只是近几年才得到了一个坏名声. 据说, 谁要是触摸了这棵树, 谁就会交上恶运; 如果谁摘了一片树叶, 谁就会死去. 很多村民相信此树已经害了不少人. 人们曾请求教区的牧师叫人把树砍掉, 但他直到现在也没有同意. 他指出, 由于人们从全国各地纷纷前来参观这棵树, 它成了一个有用的财源. 尽管有上述种种说法, 但游客们还是照常摘树叶和把他们的名字刻在树干上. 然而到目前为止, 还没有一个人暴死呢!
【课文讲解】
1、The tiny village of Frinley is said to possess a 'cursed tree'.
There/名词主语/代词主语 +be said to do sth. 据说……（是对不太有把握的事发表看法时一种谨慎的说法）
There is said to be a great deal of oil in Africa.
Dan is said to be the most intelligent student in his class.
It’s not as old as it’s said to be. 它并不像人们所说的那么古老。
it is said that… 据说……
It is said that he is very good. ＝ He is said to be very good. 据说他人非常好
用于这种结构的动词除了say之外，还有believe，know，find，fear，think等：
It is feared that many lives have been lost in the train.
人们担心许多人在火车上丧生。
the tiny village of Frinley 弗林利这个小村庄，其中介词of表示的是同位关系：
the city of Beijing 名叫北京的城市
at the age of twenty 20岁时
a height of three feet 三英尺的高度
2、Because the tree was mentioned in a newspaper, the number of visitors to Frinley has now increased.
mention vt. 提到, 提及
My father ofter mentions you.
in a newspaper 强调报纸里面的内容
on the newspaper 与报纸内容无关, 如你自己在报纸上记了什么东西时用 “on”
a number of…＝lots of… 许多……（后跟可数名词的复数，做复数看待，从前往后翻, 强调后面的东西）
a number of students 许多学生
the number of… ……的数量/总数（后跟可数名词的复数，但做单数看，从后往前翻, 强调数量）
the number of students 学生的数量
3、The tree was planted near the church fifty years ago, but it is only in recent years that it has gained an evil reputation.
it is/was …（被强调部分 that/who(m)+ 从句） 万能强调结构
It is I that am looking for you. 强调 “I”
It is Jack who(m) Frank phoned last night.
gain＝get 得到
4、It is said that if anyone touches the tree, he will have bad luck; if he picks a leaf, he will die.
英语中分号可以断开两个句子
anyone 任何人，与 he 相对应
If anyone wanted to go there, he will do sth.
5、The vicar has been asked to have the tree cut down, but so far he has refused.
sb. be asked to do sth. 被请求做某事，sb.做事
have sth. done 使某事被做，叫别人完成某事
I will go to have my bicycle repaired. （别人修车）
I will go to repair my bicycle. （自己修车）
I will have my hair cut.
make sth. done 让某事被做
Could you make yourself known? 你能让别人知道你吗?(你的自我介绍)
=Could you introduce yourdself? 你能自我介绍一下吗?
Could you make youself heard ? 你能让别人听到你吗?(你能大声点吗?)
make的用法：make +宾语+宾补；make +sb.+do 让某人做某事；make +sth.+done 让别人做某事
so far 迄今为止（常与现在完成时连用）
He hasn’t returned my books so far.
6、He has pointed out that the tree is a useful source of income, as tourists have been coming from all parts of the country to see it.
point out = explain 指出，解释
I realized that he had make a mistake, so I pointed it out to him immediately.
He pointed out that it was a mistake not to help them.
7、In spite of all that has been said, the tourists have been picking leaves and cutting their names on the tree-trunk.
in spite of 尽管，虽然；不顾，不管
He set off in spite of the heavy rain.
in spite of all that… = in spite of what 尽管……
（in spite of 介词后面不能接从句, 只能加what引导的从句）
In spite of what you have told me, I still believe (that) he has stolen the money.
8、So far, not one of them has been struck down by sudden death!
not one of＝none of 一个人也没有……，单数≠no one of（no one不能加of）
be struck down 被打倒（stike down 使……生重病，杀死）
Many people were struck down in that war.
He was stuck down by cancer last year.
poverty-struck 穷困潦倒 （poverty n. 贫穷, 贫困, 贫乏, 缺少）
【Letter writing】
常用开头语：
You will be glad to hear that…
Thank you for letting me know that…
【Special difficulties】
Increase and Grow
increase vt. &vi. 增加，增大，增长，增强
The firm has increased his salary.
His salary has increased.
grow vi. 增长，长，成长，生长
The number of vistors to Frinley has now grown/increased.
The students in this university has grown in number.
How tall you’ve become! How you’ve grown!
She has grown so much she is nearly as tall as I am.
grow＝increase(表示数量增长)
The number is increasing/growing.
Gain and Earn
gain vt. 获得，得到（＝get sth.）；受益，获益（earn无此含义）
Jane has gained much from her year in Australia.
earn vt. (通过努力)获得，得到；赚钱（gain无此含义）
earn money 挣钱
earn one's living 谋生
Try to save as you earn. 挣了钱时要设法存起来。
She earns $500 a month.
It has gained/earned an evil reputation.
Pick and Cut
pick vt. 采摘，采集
They picked a lot of flowers yesterday.
cut vt. 切，割，剪
She cut an apple in two.
Can you cut your own hair?
【Multiple choice questions】
4 If anyone picked the leaves, he ___a____die.
a. would b. will c.shall d. would have
虚拟语气：如果if 后面直接出现正常条件的话，就会出现一般现在时，一旦出现一般过去时，就是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。
6 ___b___all that has been said, the tourists have been picking leaves.
a. In spite b. Despite c. Even d. Even so
in spite of + 名词/what引导的从句，不能少of
despite = in spite of 尽管 （despite prep. 不管, 尽管, 不论）
even though 尽管(后面加句子)，没有even all、even so 的表达式
7 So far ___d___of them has been struck down by sudden death.
a. no one b. nobody c. not any d.none
‘no one’, ‘nobody’ 不能与’of’ 连用
没有’not any of ’ 的结构，只有‘any of’
9 The number of visitors has increased. The number has ___a___.
a. grown b. grown up c.overgrown d. grown old
grown up 成长(只与人连用)
overgrow 过度成长
grown old 变老了,不译为 “长老了”
grow 一般作为实义动词,后面加介词或副词,一旦后面加了形容词,不再表示 “生长” 的意思,将表示 “变得” =get
10 It has___d___ an evil reputation.
a. won b.beaten c. profited d. earned
win v. 赢得(通过比赛或竞争) ； beat v. 打败(后加对手)
profit n.利润, 益处, 得益；vi. 得益, 利用；vt. 有益于, 有利于
gain = get 获得
【语法 Grammar in use】
被动语态（5）
（1）在第34课的语法中，我们讲过如果说话人想避免用不明确的词（如someone, a person等）作主语，就常常使用被动语态：
Mary was told to meet us.
玛丽被告知来接我们。
The window has been mended.
窗子已被修好。
（2）如果我们需要把话说得谨慎些或“保险”些，也可以用被动语态。主动语态往往表示对事实确有把握：
Debbie Hart swam across the English Channel when she was a girl.
黛比·哈特还是个姑娘时曾经横渡过英吉利海峡。
如果这句话用 It is said that…结构表达，则说话者的把握就小了一些。用于这种被动语态的动词除了say之外，还有believe, know, find, fear, think等：
It is feared that many lives have been lost in the train crash.
在这次列车事故中，恐怕有不少人丧生。
It is said that there is a great deal of oil in Africa.
据说非洲有大量的石油。
It is said that Dan is the most intelligent student in his class.
据说丹是他们班上最聪明的学生。
除It is said that…这种结构外，上面的句子还可以变成另一种形式的被动句，其意义不变。它的结构为There/名词主语/代词主语+被动语态+带to的不定式：
There is said to be a great deal of oil in Africa.
据说非洲有大量石油。
Debbie Hart is said to have swum across the English Channel when she was a girl.
据说黛比·哈特还是个姑娘时曾经横渡过英吉利海峡。
Dan is said to be the most intelligent student in his class.
据说丹是他们班上最聪明的学生。
后一种结构在口语中更常用，因为它更简洁。
（3）在第34课的语法中我们讲过，动词+宾语+不定式结构中既可以动词用被动语态，也可以在不定式中用被动语态：
（4）在另一种句型即“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”中，这两个宾语都可以成为被动句的主语。不过，由于间接宾语通常是人，所以间接宾语成为被动句主语的时候要多些。
Increase 是一个及物动词和不及物动词，表示数量、大小或强度的增加或增强。它可以用来描述具体的物理增长，也可以用来描述抽象的增加，如知识、影响力等。
Grow 主要用作不及物动词，表示逐渐变得更大、更高或更成熟。它通常用来描述生物体的生长，也可以用于描述人群或事物数量的增长。
当表示数量增长时，"grow" 和 "increase" 可以互换使用。
Gain 是一个及物动词，表示获得、得到某物，通常指通过努力或经历变化获得的东西。它还可以表示受益或获益，但并不涉及金钱的赚取。
Earn 是一个及物动词，表示通过工作或努力获得报酬或收入。它通常与金钱相关，用于描述挣钱或谋生。
Pick 是一个及物动词，表示采摘、采集，通常用于从植物上摘取果实、花朵或其他部分。
Cut 是一个及物动词，表示切、割、剪，通常用于将某物分割成两部分或多部分。
通过以上的解释，我们可以看到每组动词都有其特定的用法和含义。正确理解和使用这些动词可以帮助我们更准确地表达我们的思想，并提高我们的语言表达能力。
当说话者希望避免直接指出动作的执行者，或者不想使用如someone或a person这样的不明确词语时，被动语态是一个很好的选择。例如：
在这些例句中，被动语态帮助我们聚焦于动作的接受者，而不是执行者。
在需要表达不确定性或谨慎时，被动语态同样非常有用。通过使用如“It is feared that…”或“It is said that…”等结构，说话者可以表达对某个情况的担忧或传达未经证实的信息，从而降低了断言的确定性。例如：
被动语态可以使某些句子结构更加简洁和口语化。例如，将“It is said that…”结构转换为“名词/代词+is said to…”的形式，可以使句子更加流畅。这种结构在口语交流中更为常见，如：
在“动词+宾语+不定式”和“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”这两种句型中，被动语态允许我们将任何一个宾语转换为句子的主语。通常情况下，间接宾语更可能成为被动句的主语，因为它们通常指代人。这种转换有助于根据需要强调句子的不同成分。
通过以上整理，我们可以看到被动语态在英语中的多样性和实用性。它不仅有助于我们避免不明确的表达，还可以使我们的语言更加谨慎和客观。同时，被动语态的使用也有助于简化句子结构，提高语言表达的效率。掌握被动语态对于提高英语水平和沟通能力至关重要。