Lesson21 Daniel Mendoza
课文
Boxing matches were very popular in England 200 years ago.
两百年前，拳击比赛在英国非常盛行。
In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.
当时，拳击手们不戴手套，为争夺奖金而搏斗。
Because of this, they were known as 'prizefighters'.
因此，他们被称作“职业拳击手”。
However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prizefighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match.
不过，拳击是十分野蛮的，因为当时没有任何比赛规则，职业拳击手有可能在比赛中受重伤，甚至丧命。
One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza, who was born in 1764.
拳击史上最引人注目的人物之一是丹尼尔.门多萨，他生于1764年。
The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860, when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules.
1860年昆斯伯里侯爵第一次为拳击比赛制定了规则，拳击比赛这才用上了手套。
Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game.
虽然门多萨严格来讲不过是个职业拳击手，但在把这种粗野的拳击变成一种体育运动方面，他作出了重大贡献。是他把科学引进了这项运动。
In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity. He was adored by rich and poor alike.
门多萨在的全盛时期深受大家欢迎，无论是富人还是穷人都对他祟拜备至。
Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only 14 years old.
门多萨在14岁时参加一场拳击赛后一举成名。
This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in England.
这引起当时英国拳坛名将理查德.汉弗莱斯的注意。
He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn.
他主动提出教授门多萨，而年少的门多萨一学就会。
In fact, Mendoza soon became so successful that Humphries turned against him.
事实上，门多萨不久便名声大振，致使汉弗莱斯与他反目为敌。
The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a fight.
两个人争吵不休，显而易见，只有较量一番才能解决问题。
A match was held at Stilton, where both men fought for an hour.
于是两人在斯蒂尔顿设下赛场，厮打了一个小时。
The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated.
公众把大笔赌注下到了门多萨身上，但他却输了。
Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time.
后来，门多萨与汉弗莱斯再次在拳击场上较量，门多萨又输了一场。
It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England.
直到1790年他们第3次对垒，门多萨才终于击败汉弗莱斯，成了全英拳击冠军。
Meanwhile, he founded a highly successful Academy and even Lord Byron became one of his pupils.
同时，他建立了一所拳击学校，办得很成功，连拜伦勋爵也成了他的学生。
He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as ￡100 for a single appearance.
门多萨挣来大笔大笔的钱，一次出场费就多可达100英镑。
Despite this, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt.
尽管收入不少，但他挥霍无度，经常债台高筑。
After he was defeated by a boxer called Gentleman Jackson, he was quickly forgotten.
他在被一个叫杰克逊绅士的拳击手击败后很快被遗忘。
He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.
他因无力还债而被捕入狱，最后于1836年在贫困中死去。
词汇讲解
boxing ['bɒksɪŋ] n. 拳击运动
boxing match 拳击比赛
boxing gloves 拳击手套
boxing ring 拳击台
boxer 拳击手
prizefight （古代的）拳击比赛
prizefighter （古代的）拳击手
referee 裁判
bare [beə(r)] adj. 赤裸的
bare-headed 没有戴帽子的
bare-chested 光膀子的
bare-legged 光着腿的
bare-assed 光着屁股的
bare floor 没有铺地毯的地板
bare mountains 荒山野岭
with one’s bare hands （习语）赤手空拳
Wu Song killed the tiger with his bare hands.
naked adj. 裸体的；无装饰的；无证据的；直率的
He was naked to the waist.
the naked eye 裸视
nude adj. 裸的，裸体的；无装饰的；与生俱有的
She once posed nude for a magazine.
marquis ['mɑ:kwɪs] n. 侯爵
英国贵族阶层：
duke 公爵
marquis 侯爵
earl 伯爵
viscount 子爵
baron 男爵
aristocracy n. 贵族；贵族统治；上层社会；贵族政治
aristocrat n. 贵族
noble n. 贵族
nobleman n. 贵族
lord 阁下（对贵族或高级官员的尊称）
Lord Byron
sir n. 对爵士 (knight) 的尊称
Sir John Hawkwood
technically ['teknɪkli] adv. 技术上；严格地说
表示“技术上”：
a technically brilliant pianist.
It is technically possible to produce a human being by cloning.
表示“严格地说”：
technically (speaking)
strictly speaking
Technically (speaking), the whale isn’t a fish.
Strictly speaking, the spider isn’t an insect.
popularity [pɒpju'lærəti] adv. 流行，普及；名望
the increasing popularity（留下） of organic food
The president’s popularity（名望） has declined considerably.
be popular with / among … 受到了…的欢迎
走遍美国
She was in love with Donald McGrath, the quarterback on our football team.
Football players are always popular with the ladies.
fame （褒义）n. 名声，名望；传闻，传说
All he thinks about is fame and gain.
renown （褒义）n. 声誉；名望
celebrity （褒义）n. 名人；名声
name （中性）n. 名称，名字；姓名；名誉
reputation （中性）n. 名声，名誉；声望
The restaurant has a very good / bad name / reputation.
famous adj. 著名的；极好的，非常令人满意的
well-known adj. 著名的；众所周知的；清楚明白的
renowned adj. 著名的；有声望的
noted adj. 著名的；显著的；
notable adj. 值得注意的，显著的；著名的
legendary adj. 传说的，传奇的
‘the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’
He was known to us all as Dickie and his eccentricity had become legendary long before he died.
celebrated adj. 著名的；有名望的
eminent adj. 杰出的；有名的；明显的
the most eminent boxer in England
infamous adj. 声名狼藉的；无耻的；邪恶的；不名誉的
notorious adj. 声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的
adore [ə'dɔ:(r)] v. 非常喜欢，爱慕；崇拜
She adores her only son.
I absolutely adore chocolate.
like
love
care for v. 照顾；关心；喜欢
fancy vt. 想象；喜爱；设想；自负 vi. 幻想；想象
I did not fancy the idea and I reluctantly followed Robert out of the room.
be the apple of one’s eye 掌上明珠
His youngest daughter is the apple of his eye.
老友记
Oh look who it is, my husband, the apple of my eye.
表达“爱上某人”：
fall in love with sb.
lose one’s heart to sb.
be mad / crazy about sb. 疯狂的爱上
The way to a man’s heart is through his stomach.
表达“单相思”：
carry a torch for sb.
have a crush on sb.
老友记
Monica had such a crush on him. Yeah, she used to kiss his poster every night before she went to bed.
Oh! I used to do that too!
bet [bet]v. 打赌
bet … on … 在…押了多少钱
He bet all his money on the black horse.
I bet = I am certain 我确定
听力真题：
A．Tom's apartment probably costs more than the man's.
B．The man's place is becoming more expensive.
C．Her apartment is better than the man's.
D．She wants to see Tom's new apartment.
M: I’ve just been over to my friend Tom’s new apartment. It's much bigger than my place.
W: But more expensive I bet.
Q: What does the woman mean?
Answer: (A) Tom's apartment probably costs more than the man's.
you bet = certainly 当然是这样
走遍美国
Pete Waters, RFD Number 1, Chesterton. You know him?
Do I know Pete Waters? You bet I do! He was my roommate in college.
托福听力真题：
He'll go if the woman goes too.
He doubts he'll be able to go.
He's too tired to go.
He's eager to go.
W: Are you still planning to go to the concert?
M: You bet I am.
Q: What does the man say about the concert? Answer: (D) He's eager to go.
academy [ə'kædəmi] n. 专科学校，学院
West Point is a famous military academy.
Academy Award (Oscar) 学院奖
academic adj. 学术的；理论的；学院的
academic year 学年
academic research 学术研究
课文讲解
（第一段）
Boxing matches were very popular in England 200 years ago.
知识点（一）
race 竞速比赛
a car / boat/ horse / swimming race
It looked as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel.
match【英】 / game【美】 对垒比赛
a boxing / basketball / football / volleyball match / game
Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago.
contest 强调由裁判打分的比赛
a speech / beauty / dance contest
open 公开赛
the US Open
tournament n. 锦标赛，联赛；比赛
championship n. 锦标赛；冠军称号；冠军的地位
games n. 比赛（game的复数形式）
the Olympic Games
the Goodwill Games
In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.
知识点（一）
in those days 想当初（必须加in）
Though in those days, traveling was not as easy as it is today, steam boats carried thousands of visitors across the Channel from Europe.
In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere.
时间状语“当今，现如今”： 指当今没有介词“in”
these days
today
nowadays
in this day and age
These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who work in offices.
知识点（二）
with bare fists 赤手空拳
with naked fists 赤手空拳
with one’s bare hands（强调没有武器）赤手空拳
Because of this, they were known as 'prizefighters'.
知识点（一）
表示“因为”连词：
because … 连词
since … 表“因为”是连词
as… 表“因为”连词
for … 表“因为”既可以是连词，也可以是介词，不能在句首，放在主句后面
in that… 连词，不能在句首，放在主句后面
now (that) … 表“因为”，同时又强调“现在”
Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, …….
表示“因为”介词：
because of …
by reason of…
due to …
owing to …
thanks to …
on account of …
听力真题：
A．She doesn’t like the professor very much.
B．She doubts class will be canceled.
C．She doesn’t want to attend the conference.
D．She wonders whether the professor is an accountant.
M: Do you think professor Smith will cancel class on account of the special conference?
W: Not likely.
Q: What does the woman mean?
Answer: (B) She doubts class will be canceled.
知识点（二）
know A as B 把A成为B
He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto.
He was known to us all as Dickie and his eccentricity had become legendary long before he died.
refer to A as B 把A成为B
People who work in offices are frequently referred to as ‘white-collar workers’ for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
call A B 把A成为B
From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him 'Mr. Bloggs', not 'Alf'.
address A as B 把A成为B
老友记
Elizabeth: This is my father, Paul Stevens. Dad, this is Ross Geller.
Ross: It’s great to meet you Paul.
Paul: I usually prefer Elizabeth’s boyfriends to address me as Mr. Stevens.
Ross: Of course, of course, Mr. Stevens.
课后题Lesson4 page29
12．He wanted to be ___A___ ‘Mr. Bloggs’, not ‘Alf. (11.15-16)
(a) addressed as (b) named (c) cried out (d) shouted
However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prize-fighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match.
知识点（一）
表示“野蛮，残酷，暴力”：
crude adj. 粗糙的；天然的，未加工的；粗鲁的
..., boxing was very cruel, … adj. 残酷的，残忍的；使人痛苦的，让人受难的；无情的，严酷的
..., boxing was very brutal, … adj. 残忍的；野蛮的，不讲理的
..., boxing was very violent, … adj. 暴力的；猛烈的
..., boxing was very bloody, … adj. 血腥的；非常的；嗜杀的，残忍的；血色的
知识点（二）
be seriously injured 受到重伤
课文写法替换：suffer
… a prizefighter could suffer a serious injury or even be killed during a match.
（第二段）
One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza, who was born in 1764.
colorful: interesting, exciting, vivid adj. 华美的；有趣的；富有色彩的
figure: character, personality n. 数字；人物；图形；价格；（人的）体形；画像
I just wanna be a person, not a personality（名人）.
课后题
8．One of the most ___A___ in boxing history was ... (11.6-7)
(a) vivid personalities (b) famous people (c) painted images (d) imaginative characters
The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860, when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules.
知识点（一）
introduce v. 开始推行；开始采用
New safety measures will be introduced next month.
知识点（二）
名词正式表达
You can use my laptop freely.
The use of my laptop is welcome.
知识点（三）
draw up 起草
I’ve drawn up a list of candidates that I’d like to interview.
知识点（四）
… not … until …, when … 直到…才
Though he was technically a prize-fighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prize-fighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game.
do much / a lot / a great deal to … 在…做出了很大贡献
do little to …没有什么贡献
do nothing to … 完全没用
change … into … 把…变成…
exchange … for … 把…换成…
造句：尽管严格地说只是一本书，但圣经在把这个粗鄙的世界变成一个文明世界方面却做出了很大贡献，因为它给人类带来了信仰 (faith)。
Though it is technically a book, the Bible does much to change the crude world into a civilized one, for it brings faith to humanity.
In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity. He was adored by rich and poor alike.
知识点（一）
somebody's day 某人鼎盛时期
Every dog has his day.
Don’t be disappointed: your day will come.
知识点（二）
enjoye 享有
…, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.
enjoy tremendous popularity
Jay Chou enjoys tremendous popularity among the young.
知识点（三）
the rich 富人
the poor 穷人
rich and poor （两种以上可以去掉定冠词the）
young and old （两种以上可以去掉定冠词the）
the rich and powerful (一个定冠词指一种人) 既有钱又有权
知识点（四）
alike: in the same way
The climate here is always hot, summer and winter alike.
知识点（五）
idol / icon 偶像
He was an idol / icon of that times.
（第三段）
Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only 14 years old.
rise to fame 成名，出名
She first rose to fame as a singer at the age of 16.
The rise to fame was swift.
课后题
10． Mendoza’s ___A___ to fame was noted by Richard Humphries. (11.1 1-12)
(a) rise (b) rose (c) raise (d) claim
make a name for oneself 成名
He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto.
become famous overnight 一夜成名
With the success of their first record, they became famous overnight.
This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in England.
表达“吸引了某人的注意”
attract / draw / catch / capture / arrest one’s attention / the attention of sb.
He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn.
offer to do 主动提出做某事
In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them.
pupil: apprentice 课文上下文指“学徒”
指“学生”：
pupil 小学生
student 中学生/大学生
freshman 大一新生
sophomore 大二学生
junior 大三学生
senior 大四学生
alumnus 校友
alumni 校友
In fact, Mendoza soon became so successful that Humphries turned against him.
知识点（一）
turn (sb.) against … 与某人反目成仇
The wicked woman is trying to turn the boy against his father.
知识点（二）
… soon became so successful that Humphries became jealous of him.
… soon became so successful as to arouse Humphries’ jealousy.
课后题
11．Humphries soon became ___A___ Mendoza’s success. (11.13-14)
(a) jealous of (b) disinterested in (c) revolted by (d) changed by
The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a fight.
It is / was clear / obvious / apparent that …
The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
A match was held at Stilton, where both men fought for an hour.
语法：前半句的末尾是后半句的成分，并列句改成状语从句，形式上的定语从句，发挥并列句的作用。
A match was held at Stilton, and both men fought for an hour there.
The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated.
表达“失败”
…, but he was defeated.
…, but he was beaten.
…, but he failed.
…, but he lost.
课文中“失败”的替换：
The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated. Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time. It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England.
We finally won that team. X 错误表达
We finally beat that team. √
We finally defeated that team. √
We finally won the game. √赢得
We finally won the prize. √赢得
Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time.
知识点（一）
ring: boxing ring 拳击台
知识点（二）
on / upon the occasion 在这个场合中
on / upon the occasion of his daughter’s wedding
知识点（三）
for a second time = for another time 在学术次前加a/an表示又一次
Everyone went to the funeral, for the 'ghost' was none other than Eric Cox, a third （又一个）brother who was supposed to have died as a young man.
It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England.
知识点（一）
单词辨析
champion
champagne
知识点（二）
语法：（强调句，强调时间状语）
it was not until … that … and …
造句：直到 1776 年美国人民才最终获得了解放并且成了国家的主人(master)。
It was not until the foundation of the United States of America in 1776 that the American people were finally liberated and became masters of the country.
Sir James Clark Ross had obtained a sounding of over 2,400 fathoms in 1839, but it was not until 1869, when H.M.S. Porcupine was put at the disposal of the Royal Society for several cruises, that a series of deep soundings was obtained in the Atlantic and the first samples were collected by dredging the bottom.
it was not until …, when …, that … and ...
Meanwhile, he founded a highly successful Academy and even Lord Byron became one of his pupils.
meanwhile 与此同时
at the same time
(in the) meantime
highly successful
a highly successful play 非常成功的戏剧
Lord Byron
He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as ￡100 for a single appearance.
earn enormous sums of money
Despite this, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt.
课文写法替换
…, he was so extravagant that he always owed people money.
课后题
7． He was so extravagant that he ___B___ people money. (1.20)
(a) always owed to (b) always owed (c) owed always (d) was always owing to
owe sb sth. 欠某人某事
I owe you (one).
How much do I owe you? 我该付多少钱
走遍美国
How much do I owe you?
Well, that'll be eighteen dollars and seventy cents. No charge for the cleanup. It's on the house.
After he was defeated by a boxer called Gentleman Jackson, he was quickly forgotten.
He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.
总结
总结：
要点：