Lesson60 Too early and too late
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课文
Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society.
准时是文明社会中进行一切社交活动时必须养成的习惯。
Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in a state of chaos.
不准时将一事无成，事事都会陷入混乱不堪的境地。
Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it.
只有在人口稀少的农村，才可以忽视准时的习惯。
In ordinary living, there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality.
在日常生活中人们可以容忍一定程度的不准时。
The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand.
一个专心钻研某个复杂问题的知识分子，为了搞好手头的研究，要把一切都协调一致，组织周密。
He is therefore forgiven if late for a dinner party.
因此，他要是赴宴迟到了会得到谅解。
But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine.
但有些人不准时常常因为掐钟点所致，他们常常受到责备，
It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time, so they are often tempted to finish a job before setting out to keep an appointment.
精力充沛、头脑敏捷的人极不愿意浪费时间，
因此他们常想做完一件事后再去赴约。
If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tyres, diversions of traffic, sudden descent of fog, they will be on time.
要是路上没有发生如爆胎、改道、突然起雾等意外事故，他们决不会迟到。
They are often more industrious, useful citizens than those who are never late.
他们与那些从不迟到的人相比，常常是更勤奋有用的公民。
The over-punctual can be as much a trial to others as the unpunctual.
早到的人同迟到的人一样令人讨厌。
The guest who arrives half an hour too soon is the greatest nuisance.
客人提前半小时到达是令人讨厌的。
Some friends of my family had this irritating habit.
我家有几个朋友就有这有令人恼火的习惯。
The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests.
唯一的办法就是请他们比别的客人晚来半小时。
Then they arrived just when we wanted them.
这样，他们可以恰好在我们要求的时间到达。
If you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late.
如果赶火车，早到总比晚到好，哪怕早到一会儿也好。
Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and you avoid the frustration of arriving at the very moment when the train is drawing out of the station and being unable to get on it.
虽然早到可能意味着浪费一点时间，但这比误了火车等上一个多小时坐下班车浪费的时间要少，而且可以避免那种正好在火车驶出站时赶到车站，因上不去车而感到的沮丧。
An even harder situation is to be on the platform in good time for a train and still to see it go off without you.
更难堪的情况是虽然及时赶到站台上，却眼睁睁地看着那趟火车启动，把你抛下。
Such an experience befell a certain young girl the first time she was travelling alone.
一个小姑娘第一次单独出门就碰到了这种情况。
She entered the station 20 minutes before the train was due, since her parents had impressed upon her that it would be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going to stay to make two journeys to meet her.
在火车进站20分钟前她就进了车站，因为她的父母再三跟她说，如果误了这趟车，她的东道主朋友就得接她两趟，这是不应该的。
She gave her luggage to a porter and showed him her ticket.
她把行李交给搬运工并给他看了车票。
To her horror he said that she was two hours too soon.
搬运工说她早到了两个小时，她听后大吃一惊。
She felt in her handbag for the piece of paper on which her father had written down all the details of the journey and gave it to the porter.
她从钱包里摸出一张纸条，那上面有她父亲对这次旅行详细说明，她把这张纸条交给了搬运工。
He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop, but only to take on mail, not passengers.
搬运工说，正如纸条所说，确有一趟火车在那个时刻到站，但它只停站装邮件，不载旅客。
The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake.
姑娘要求看到时刻表，因为她相信父亲不能把这么大的事弄错。
The porter went to fetch one and arrived back with the station master, who produced it with a flourish and pointed out a microscopic 'o' beside the time of the arrival of the train at his station; this little 'o' indicated that the train only stopped for mail.
搬运工跑回去取时刻表，同时请来了站长，站长拿着时刻表一挥手，指着那趟列车到站时刻旁边一个很小的圆圈标记，这个标记表示列车是为装邮件而停车。
Just as that moment the train came into the station.
正在这时，火车进站了。
The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard's van.
女孩泪流满面，央求让她不声不响地到押车员车厢里去算了。
But the station master was adamant: rules could not be broken. And she had to watch that train disappear towards her destination while she was left behind.
但站长态度坚决，规章制度不能破坏，姑娘只得眼看那趟火车消逝在她要去的方向而撇下了她。
词汇讲解
punctuality [pʌŋktʃʊ'ælətɪ] n. 守时，准时
Punctuality is the soul of business.
【反义词】
procrastination n. 耽搁，拖延；拖延症
Procrastination is the thief of time.
【同根词】
punctual adj. 准时的，守时的；精确的
punctually adv. 准时地，如期地
We have learnt to expect that trains will be punctual.
Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o'clock that evening.
【词根】
“punct” = point
punctual adj. 准时的，守时的；精确的
punctually adv. 准时地，如期地
punctuality n. 严守时间；正确；规矩
puncture n/v. 穿刺；刺痕
acupuncture n. 针刺；[中医] 针刺疗法 vt. 对…施行针刺疗法
punctuate vt. 不时打断；强调；加标点于 vi. 加标点
The tyre / tire punctured.
A nail punctured our tyre / tire.
a flat / burst / punctured tyre / tire
The children have not yet learned to punctuate correctly.
The transcription of his speech must be punctuated.
rural ['ruərəl] adj. 农村的（中性词）
rural adj. 英文解释：connected with or like the countryside 农村的
rural areas（地区） / accents（口音）
Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it.
【近义词】
pastoral adj. 英文解释：showing country life or the countryside, especially in a romantic way 田园的（褒义词）
a pastoral scene / poem / painting
This idyllic pastoral scene is only part of the picture.
【扩展】【复习】
urban adj. 城市的；住在都市的
suburban n. 郊区居民 adj. 郊区的，城郊的；土气的；见闻不广的
metropolitan adj. 大都市的 n. 大城市人
metropolis n. 大都市；首府；重要中心
cosmopolitan n. 四海为家者 adj. 世界性的；世界主义的
cosmopolis n. 国际都市（指居民中有许多不同国籍的人）
intellectual [ɪntə'lektʃuəl] n. 知识分子；adj. 智力的
【近义词】【扩展】【复习】
intellectual adj. 智力的；聪明的；理智的
intellectual development
intelligent
intelligent being
mental adj. 智能的；聪明的；理解力强的
mental work
spiritual adj. 精神的，心灵的
spiritual civilization
reproach [ri'prəutʃ]v. 责备
reproach v. 英文解释：criticize sb. or oneself, esp. for failing to do sth. 责备
reproach sb. for sth. 因为（某事）责备某人
The General was reproached by his allies for failing to inform them of his plans.
I have nothing to reproach myself for.
But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine.
【近义词组】【复习】表达“因为（某事）责备某人”：
criticize sb. for sth.
censure sb. for sth. （严厉的）
reprimand / rebuke sb. for sth. （上级对下级）
accuse sb. of sth. （情绪化的、指控）
scold sb. for sth. （长辈对晚辈）
blame sb. for sth. （强调归咎到）
= blame sth. on sb.
condemn A for / as B （谴责）
fraction ['frækʃn] n. 分数；一小部分，些微
a fraction of … ……的一小部分
I bought these shoes at a fraction of its original price.
a fraction of a second / a minute / an inch … （强调时间或距离特别短）不到一秒钟 / 一分钟 / 一英寸
She hesitated for a fraction of a second before answering.
The car stopped within a fraction of an inch of the wall.
If you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late.
【扩展】【复习】表达“百分比、比例”：
a high / large proportion of … 一大部分、大多数
a small / tiny proportion of … 一小部分
a high / large percentage of ... 一大部分
a small / tiny percentage of ... 一小部分
课文讲解
（第一段）
Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society.
知识点（1）
public affairs n. 英文解释：issues and questions about social, economic, political or business activities, etc. that affect ordinary people in general 公众事务
知识点（2）
civilized society 文明社会
Terrorism is a threat to the civilized world（文明世界）.
知识点（3）【课文仿写】
造句：礼节 (politeness / courtesy) 是文明社会所有公众事务中一个必备的习惯。
Politeness / Courtesy is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society.
Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in a state of chaos.
语法分析：
Without it（介词短语充当条件句）, nothing could（虚拟语气） ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would（虚拟语气） e be in a state of chaos.
知识点（1）Lesson56
语法：虚拟语气的省略、介词短语代替虚拟条件句
课文补全：
If we didn’t have it nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in state of chaos.
Without it we could not make a living.
If we didn’t have it we could not make a living.
知识点（2）
ever （加强语气）从来
Nothing ever seems to upset him.
知识点（3）Lesson36
bring sth. to a conclusion 使某事结束
In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences—most of them wildly improbable.
【辨析】【复习】表达“得出结论”：
draw / come to / reach a conclusion
考研英语：英译汉
This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
标准答案：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
知识点（4）Lesson33
chaos: disorder; mess; confusion 混乱
Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake.
in (a state of) chaos 处于一片混乱（状态）
造句：在老师不在的时候，班里处于一片混乱状态。
In the absence of the teacher, the class was in a state of chaos.
Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it.
语法分析：
Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is （only+状语；部分倒装；只有…才）it possible to disregard it.
知识点（1）Lesson47
sparsely / thinly populated 人口稀少的
densely / thickly populated 人口稠密的
知识点（2）Lesson31
disregard vt. 忽视；不理；漠视；不顾
They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary.
In ordinary living, there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality.
知识点（1）
living n. 含义1：生计
make / earn a living 谋生
living n. 含义2：生活；生活方式
plain / luxurious living 简朴/奢侈 的生活
the art of living 生活的艺术
知识点（2）翻译：无灵主语
… there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality.
翻译：人们可以容忍一定程度的不准时
There can’t be any tolerance of this brutality.
翻译：没有人会容忍这种暴行
The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand.
语法分析：
The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem（非限定性定语从句）, has everything coordinated and organized（过去分词短语，have something done） for the matter in hand（目的状语）.
知识点（1）
work on sth. / doing 致力于……
John is still working on the new book.
The couple need to work on improving their relationship.
知识点（2）
abstruse adj. 英文解释：difficult to understand 深奥的；难理解的
知识点（3）Lesson23
some abstruse problem
some 用法：
some + 不可数名词：一些；some water 一些水
some + 可数名词复数：一些；some people 一些人
some + 可数名词单数：一些；some person 某一个
some + 数量词：大约；some one hundred people 大约100人
知识点（4）Lesson2
have sth. done
1.请某人做某事；
I’m going to have my hair cut.
2.某种（不愉快的）经历；
He had his watch stolen.
3.主语本身做某事（通过上下文判断）
By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonable condition was rare and worth rescuing. The French authorities had the plane packaged（1.请某人做某事） and moved in parts back to France. Now a group of enthusiasts are going to have the plane restored（3.主语本身做某事）.
知识点（4）
the job / task / matter in hand 手头的…
Could you just concentrate on the job in hand?
As the matter in hand was urgent, we dealt with it at once.
【扩展】 “hand”前加介词：
I always keep a dictionary close at hand. 在手边
My birthday is near at hand. 快到了
The signature must be made by hand.用手
They are always on hand whenever you need them. 有空的
I can’t remember his phone number off hand.立即、马上
He is therefore forgiven if late for a dinner party.
知识点（1）Lesson5
语法：状语从句的省略，状语从句中如果满足以下两个条件：
1．状语从句的主语与主句主语一致。
2．状语从句的谓语包含 be 动词。
3．（例外）如果状语从句的主语是虚指的主语it，那这个时候就可以把be动词和主语it同时省略，可以不考虑主句主语统一
课文补全：
He is therefore forgiven if (he is) late for a dinner party.
Metals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled.
Francis Preston Blair Jr., although (he was) born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.
Judges, however wise or eminent (they are), are human and can make mistakes.
While (he was) on a walking tour with his wife, he stopped to talk to a workman.
We’ll resolve the Vladivostok issue with peaceful means when (it is) ever possible, with force when (it is) necessary.
But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine.
知识点（1）
cut things fine 时间不留余地，掐钟点
He cut things fine by reaching the classroom only 20 seconds before the bell rang.
It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time, so they are often tempted to finish a job before setting out to keep an appointment.
语法分析：
It（形式主语） is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time（真正主语）, so they are often tempted to finish a job before（然后） setting out to keep an appointment（to... 目的状语）（before…介词短语做时间状语）（结果状语从句）.
知识点（1）
be / feel tempted to do 很想……
I feel tempted to take a day off.
Several times since, she has been tempted to ring him up. Her pride, however, would not let her to do so.
知识点（2）
have an appointment 有约（事务）
make an appointment 订约
keep an appointment 赴约
cancel an appointment 取消约会
break an appointment 爽约
If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tyres, diversions of traffic, sudden descent of fog, they will be on time.
语法分析：
If no accidents occur on the way（if... 条件状语从句）, like punctured tyres, diversions of traffic, sudden descent of fog（accidents的同位语）, they will be on time.
知识点（1）
a flat（没气的） / burst（爆胎的） / punctured（被扎的） + tyre / tire …的轮胎
知识点（2）
diversion n. (BrE.) = detour (AmE.) 英文解释：a different way that traffic is sent when the usual roads are closed （交通）改道
They turned back because of traffic diversions.
知识点（3）
come down / descend 下雾
A dense fog came down / descended in the afternoon.
lift / clear / disperse 雾散
The fog had lifted / cleared / dispersed by late morning.
They are often more industrious, useful citizens than those who are never late.
The over-punctual can be as much a trial to others as the unpunctual.
知识点（1）
be a trail to sb. 令某人头疼讨厌
She was a trail to her parents when she was younger.
知识点（2）
as much as ... 和……一样；就等于……
That is as much as to say I am a liar.
I hope you have as much fun as I did.
He is as much a bore as his father.
She is as much a beauty as her mother.
The guest who arrives half an hour too soon is the greatest nuisance.
知识点（1）
… too early / soon 早了……
He arrived ten minutes too early.
… too late 晚了……
He arrived ten minutes too late.
知识点（2）
nuisance n. 英文解释：a thing, person or situation that is annoying or causes trouble or problems 令人讨厌的人或事
I don't want to be a nuisance so tell me if you want to be alone.
Some friends of my family had this irritating habit.
The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests.
语法分析：
The only thing to do（后置定语） was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests（时间状语）. （ask… 表语；动词不定式作表语；省略to）
知识点（1）
语法：动词不定式做表语时, 若前面出现了实义动词 “do”，则常去掉 “to”
All I have to do is （to）dream.
The best thing you can do now is （to）write her an apology.
All I wanted was to help him.
The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas—legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another.
【复习】Lesson36
语法：动词不定式做“except / but”的宾语时, 表示“除了…之外”，若前面出现了实义动词 “do”, 则常去掉“to”
1.如果前面实义动词do，后面的to省略
We have nothing to do but（to） wait here.
They did nothing but / except（to） complain.
I’ve done everything you wanted but / except （to）make the beds.
2.如果前面没有实义动词 do，后面必须是to do
We have no choice but / except to wait here.
Then they arrived just when we wanted them.
（第二段）
If you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late.
语法分析:
If you are catching a train（条件状语从句）, it（形式主语） is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late. （than... 比较状语）（to be... 真正主语）
知识点（1）
catch a train / bus / plane 赶车
知识点（2）
a fraction of a second / a minute / an inch … （强调时间或距离特别短）不到一秒钟 / 一分钟 / 一英寸
She hesitated for a fraction of a second before answering.
The car stopped within a fraction of an inch of the wall.
If you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a minute too late.
Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and you avoid the frustration of arriving at the very moment when the train is drawing out of the station and being unable to get on it.
语法分析:
Although being early may mean wasting a little time（Although…引导让步状语从句）, this will be less than if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one（if... 条件状语从句）（than... 比较状语从句）; and you avoid the frustration of（of… 介词短语当后置定语，修饰frustration）arriving at the very moment when the train is drawing out of the station（when...时间状语从句） and being unable to get on it.
知识点（1）
语法：条件状语从句中的省略
课文补全：
Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than (it will be) if you miss the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; …
He's never more annoying than when he's trying to help.
He's never more annoying than (he is) when he's trying to help.
Sometimes patients are more depressed six months later than when they first hear the bad news.
Sometimes patients are more depressed six months later than (they are) when they first hear the bad news.
知识点（2）
pull / draw out of the station 车出站
pull / draw in / into the station 车进站
The train slowly drew in / drew into the station.
An even harder situation is to be on the platform in good time for a train and still to see it go off without you.
语法分析：
An even harder situation is to be on the platform in good time for a train（不定式表语）and still to see it go off without you（不定式表语）.
知识点（1）
in good time (for sth.) (UK): 早早就……
There wasn’t much traffic so we got there in good time.
He arrived in good time for dinner.
Such an experience befell a certain young girl the first time she was travelling alone.
知识点（1）Lesson56
befall (befell befallen)=overtake / happen to 不幸的事降临到……
A great misfortune befell him.
We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
（第三段）
She entered the station 20 minutes before the train was due, since her parents had impressed upon her that it would be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going to stay to make two journeys to meet her.
语法分析：
She entered the station 20 minutes before the train was due（时间状语）, since her parents had impressed upon her（状语前置） that it（形式主语） would be unforgivable （to... 真正主语）to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going to stay to make two journeys（whom...定语从句） to meet her. （that… 宾语从句）（since… 原因状语从句）
知识点（1）
due: adj. 含义1：到期的, 到时间的
When is your baby due?
The train is due (in) at 8:00.
托福听力：
A．She wants the man to be at the station when she arrives.
B．She isn’t sure which train she’ll be on.
C．The train will be an hour late.
D．She’ll leave home at 6:30.
M: It says here the next train is due in at 6:30.
W: I know, but I don’t know whether I can make that one. I’d rather call you from the station than have you waiting around for an hour.
Q: What does the woman imply?
Answer: (B) She isn’t sure which train she’ll be on.
due: adj. 含义2：适当的
after due consideration 适当的考虑之后
undue / unduly 过度的/过度地【反义词】
They are either unduly optimistic or unduly pessimistic.
考研英语：英译汉
While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.
知识点（2）
impress sth. on / upon sb. 让某人铭记某事
Father impressed on me the importance of hard work.
I had always impressed upon the children that if they worked hard they would succeed in life.
知识点（3）
cause sb. to do 使得某人做某事
知识点（4）
make a journey 到某地去
She gave her luggage to a porter and showed him her ticket.
To her horror he said that she was two hours too soon.
She felt in her handbag for the piece of paper on which her father had written down all the details of the journey and gave it to the porter.
语法分析：
She felt in her handbag（地点状语） for the piece of paper on which her father had written down all the details of the journey（定语从句） and gave it to the porter.
知识点（1）
feel for … 摸着找……
She felt in her bag for a pencil.
I felt for the switch on the wall and turned it on.
He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop, but only to take on mail, not passengers.
语法分析：
He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper（that… 宾语从句） and that it did stop, but only to take on mail, not passengers（that… 宾语从句）.
知识点（1）
take on ... 上（货/乘客等）
The bus stopped to take on more passengers.
The ship took on more fuel here.
The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake.
语法分析：
The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made（对过去否定的推测） such a mistake（that...形容词补足语）. （feeling sure… 非谓语动词做原因状语）
知识点（1）
timetable / schedule 时刻表、日程表
train / railway / railroad timetable / schedule
college / school timetable / schedule
exam / examination timetable / schedule
The porter went to fetch one and arrived back with the station master, who produced it with a flourish and pointed out a microscopic 'o' beside the time of the arrival of the train at his station; this little 'o' indicated that the train only stopped for mail.
语法分析：
The porter went to fetch one and arrived back with the station master, （who...定语从句，充当并列句）who produced it with a flourish and pointed out a microscopic 'o' beside the time of the arrival of the train at his station; this little 'o' indicated that the train only stopped for mail（that… 宾语从句）.
知识点（1）
do sth. with a flourish 为了引起注意而用较大的动作自信地/潇洒地做某事
The waiter handed me the menu with a flourish.
Just as that moment the train came into the station.
The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard's van.
语法分析：
The girl, tears streaming down her face（独立主格）, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard's van.
But the station master was adamant: rules could not be broken. And she had to watch that train disappear towards her destination while she was left behind.
知识点（1）
break / violate rules 打破规则
ignore / disregard rules 漠视规则
make / formulate / establish / lay down rules 制定规则
obey / comply with / abide by / observe rules 服从规则
知识点（2）
leave sb. / sth. ↔ behind 留下（不带走）
Don’t leave me behind!