Lesson 23 Bird flight 鸟的飞行方法
课文
No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen.
没有任何两种鸟的飞行方式是相同的，鸟的飞行方式千差万别，但大体上可分为两类。
Any ship that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross, which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing.
任何一艘横度太平洋的轮船都会有一种小信天翁伴随飞行许多天，它们随船飞行一小时也难得见其扇动一下翅膀。
The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course, are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress.
沿船体的上升的气流和沿航线向前的气流给这种巨翼大鸟以足够的浮力和推力。
The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition.
信天翁是滑翔飞行的鸟类之王，它能自如地驾驭空气，但必须顺气流飞行。
In the contrary school, the duck is supreme.
与滑翔鸟相对的另一类鸟中，数野鸭本领最高。
It comes nearer to the engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts.
它更近乎于人类自夸的“征服”了空气的发动机。
Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with steel-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows.
野鸭及它们相似的鸽子有天赋的钢铁般的肌肉，占了体重的很大一部分，这些肌肉以巨大的力量扇动短小的翅膀，使这类鸟能顶着大风飞行很远的路才会疲劳。
Their humbler followers, such as partridges, have a like power of strong propulsion, but soon tire.
次于野鸭和鸽子的鸟，如鹧鸪，有相似的巨大推动力，但很快会疲劳。
You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey.
如果海风驱使它们飞行很长距离，你可以捡到一些因筋疲力尽而摔下来的鹧鸪。
The swallow shares the virtues of both schools in highest measure.
燕子充分兼有这两类鸟的长处，
It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air travelling it may be 6,000 miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies, and slipping through a medium that seems to help its passage even when the wind is adverse.
它既不疲劳，也不炫耀自己的飞翔力；在空中十分自如，可以飞行6，000英里，可以飞往北方做窝的老家，再从老家飞回；一边飞一边喂养会飞的雏燕，甚至在顶风时也能在气流中滑翔，似乎气流在帮它前进。
Such birds do us good, though we no longer take omens from their flight on this side and that; and even the most superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to the magpie and wish it good-morning.
这些鸟对我们是有益的，虽然我们不再从它们的飞翔姿态来占卜吉凶，连最迷信的村民也不再对喜鹊脱帽行礼，祝它早安了。
词汇讲解
albatross
albatross ['ælbətrɒs] n. 信天翁
albatross n. a large white sea bird
【典故】
the Rime of the Ancient Mariner 《古舟子咏》(《老水手之歌》)
It is a poem written by the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1797–1799.
The Ancient Mariner is an old sailor who shoots and kills an albatross. The other sailors think that this will bring them bad luck, and they force him to wear the dead albatross on a rope around his neck so that they will not be punished for his crime.
But all the sailors die, and the Ancient Mariner feels guilty and believes he must tell his story to anyone who will listen, to warn them to be kind to all creatures.
an albatross (around one’s neck) （idiom）摆脱不掉的累赘
The scandal is an albatross around the president’s neck.
【扩展】表达“鸟类”：
duck
pigeon
swallow
partridge
lame duck （不能继续连任的）即将届满卸任的从政者（或政府）；“跛脚鸭”
With 11 months left to go in his second term, George W. Bush looks more and more like a lame duck president.
sitting duck 易受攻击者；易被击中的目标
With their bullets all gone, the soldiers were sitting ducks for the enemy.
pigeon
carrier pigeon 信鸽
pigeon-chested/breasted
pigeon-toed
dove n. 鸽子；鸽派人士
hawk n. 鹰；鹰派成员
sustenance
sustenance ['sʌstənəns] n. 食物，营养，生计； 持续，维持
sustenance n. 含义1：nourishment, food 食物，营养，生计
The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms.
sustenance n. 含义2：持续下去，维持下去
Elections are essential for the sustenance of democracy.
【同根词】
sustain vt. 维持；支撑，承担；忍受；供养；证实
sustainable adj. 可以忍受的；足可支撑的；养得起的；可持续的
sustainable growth
sustainable development
sustainable development strategy
In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age — say 83 or so.
【形近词】
sustain
maintain
retain
detain
attain
contain
obtain
abstain
The branches could hardly ___B___ the weight of the fruit.
(A) retain
(B) sustain
(C) maintain
(D) remain
harness
harness ['hɑ:nɪs] n. 马具；v. 利用自然力
There is a great deal of interest in harnessing（利用自然力） wind and waves as new sources of power.
【扩展】名词动用
table v.搁置
table a proposal / bill
chair v.主持
Would you like to chair tomorrow's meeting?
implement v.实施
farming implements
implement a plan / policy / UN resolution
gear v.调正
gear sth. to / towards sth. 调正…以适合
He geared his speech to a conservative audience.
6级真题：
Ever since the rise of industrialism, education has been ___D___ towards producing workers.
(A) harnessed
(B) hatched
(C) motivated
(D) geared
endow
endow [ɪn'daʊ] v. 资助；赋予
endow vt. 含义1：to give a large amount of money to pay for creating a college or hospital, etc. or to provide an income for it 资助，捐助
6级真题：
Some American colleges are state-supported, others are privately___D___, and still others are supported by religious organizations.
(A) ensured
(B) attributed
(C) authorized
(D) endowed
endow vt. 含义2：
endow sb. with sth. 给某人天生赋予
= provide sb. naturally with ...
She is endowed with both beauty and brains. Declaration of Independence
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. ―― Thomas Jefferson
老托福语法改错题：
Nature (A) not only gave the Middle Atlantic region fine harbors (B), however (C) endowed it with (D) a first-class system of inland waterways.
【近义词组】表达“赋予”：
invest sb. / sth. with sth. （强调后天获得）
Being a model invests her with a certain glamour.
The crimes committed there invested the place with an air of mystery and gloom.
If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp.
propulsion
propulsion [prə'pʌlʃn] n. 推进力
【同根词】
propel vt. 推进；驱使；激励；驱策
6级真题：
Under the guidance of their teacher, the pupils are building a model boat___D___by steam.
(A) towed
(B) pressed
(C) tossed
(D) propelled
6级真题：
Many types of rock are___C___ from volcanoes as solid, fragmentary material.
(A) flung
(B) propelled
(C) ejected
(D) injected
【词根】
“pel” = 推
propel
repel
expel
dispel
compel
impel
be / feel compelled to do 觉得必须做某事 （外在动力）
President Nixon felt compelled to resign.
be / feel impelled to do 觉得必须做某事 （内在动力）
I feel impelled to point out that you are making a dangerous mistake.
adverse
adverse ['ædvɜ:s] adj. 不利的，相反的
adverse effects
adverse weather conditions
adverse circumstances
adverse wind
adverse criticism
托福阅读：
In the catalog to their first exhibition, they actually invited adverse criticism ― but only because what they feared most was indifference.
A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.
【同根词】
adversity 困境；逆境
Adversity makes a man.
I played basketball alongside famous players, and the team I now coach, the New York Knicks, has recovered from years of adversity to become a major contender in the 1990s.
adversary （辩论、战斗中的）敌手，对手
老Gre： C
ADVISOR：COUNSEL
A. adversary：vanquish
B. steward：squander
C. chaperone：escort
D. disciple：lead
E. mediator：dispute
omen
omen ['əʊmən] n. 预兆，征兆
a good omen
an auspicious omen
a bad omen
an ill omen
an ominous omen
【课文句型提炼】
There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.
造句：中国人长久以来迷信看见喜鹊会有好运气。
There has long been a superstition among the Chinese that seeing a magpie will bring you good luck / is a good omen / is an auspicious omen.
造句：中国人长久以来迷信听见乌鸦叫是不吉利的。
There has long been a superstition among the Chinese that hearing the crowing of a crow is an ominous omen.
课文讲解
（第一段）
No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen.
知识点（1）Lesson04-23、Lesson04-33
语法：No 放在句首，否定整个句子
No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen.
No money buys health.
No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.
知识点（2）
practise (Am.E. practice) 经常做；养成 … 的习惯
Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive.
practice 惯常做的事；习惯；习俗
On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat — the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.
知识点（3）【课文仿写】
造句：没有任何两个人的指纹是一模一样的。指纹的种类千差万别， 但大体上可以分为两种：斗 (whorl) 和簸箕 (loop)。
No two individuals share quite the same pattern of fingerprints; the varieties are infinite; but two classes may be roughly seen: whorl and loop.
知识点（4）【课文句型提炼】
写作：分类句型
there are ... ways / kinds / sorts / types / categories / classes ...
There are three categories of accommodation: economical, standard and deluxe.
fall into ... categories 分成…类
Shakespeare’s plays fall into three categories: tragedies such as Hamlet, comedies such as The Merchant of Venice and histories such as Henry Ⅳ.
be divided into ... classes 被划分成…类
Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.
Any ship that crosses the Pacific is accompanied for many days by the smaller albatross, which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing.
语法分析：
Any ship that crosses the Pacific（that ...定语从句） is accompanied for many days（状语前置） by the smaller albatross, which may keep company with the vessel for an hour without visible or more than occasional movement of wing. （which... 非限定性定语从句）
知识点（1）
accompany 陪伴
be accompanied by ... 被…陪伴
Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine.
keep company with ... （主动）陪伴…
= keep sb. company
I’ll keep you company tonight.
She is good company.
I enjoy her company.
I feel nervous in her company.
知识点（2）
visible 明显的
= obvious
Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.
知识点（3）
more than + adj.（加强语气）极其……,非常..……
He is more than selfish.
托福听力真题：
A. She can't help the man look for another platter.
B. She forgot the platter had been broken.
C. She didn't realize the platter had been broken.
D. She doesn't want the man to replace the platter.
M: I don’t know how I managed to break that platter. I’ll be more than happy to buy you a new one.
W: Forget about it. Some things just can’t be helped. What does the woman mean?
Answer: (D) She doesn't want the man to replace the platter.
【辨析】
more than + n. 超过……，不仅仅是……
Peace is more than the absence of war.
These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.
It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill, ...
more than A can / could … 是…不能…
I looked into the boy's serious but eager face and asked him, "Do you want any more books?" "Yes, more than I can ever get," he replied.
When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear.
Dancing proved to be more than the dish could bear, for during the party it capsized and sank in seven feet of water.
The story is more than I can believe.
The beauty of the West Lake is more than words can describe.
Such a complicated situation is far more than we could anticipate and deal with.
The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards, as well as in the line of its course, are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficient sustenance and progress.
语法分析：
The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards（that ...定语从句）, as well as in the line of its course（插入语）, are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings（伴随状语） sufficient sustenance and progress.
知识点（1）
direct vt. aim; point 超某个方向指
All the criticism was directed at her.
考研英语（英译汉）：
Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake — a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
知识点（2）【课文仿写】
造句：自由人民的共同努力，再加上Donald J. Trump的英明领导，足以使这个幅员辽阔、人口众多、历史悠久的伟大国家持续和发展下去。
The cooperating efforts of all the free people, as well as the wise leadership of Donald J. Trump are enough to give the great nation with a vast territory, a big population and a long history sufficient sustenance and progress.
The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition.
语法分析：
The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition（which...定语从句）（gliders的同位语）.
知识点（1）
be the king of sth. …中最好的
He is the new king of pop music.
be the queen of sth.
She’s the reigning queen of crime writers.
【近义词组】表达“无人能及的…”：
be supreme
In the contrary school, the duck is supreme.
The duck is the king of the contrary school.
知识点（2）
【近义词组】表达“屈服于、服从于…”：
yield to ...
submit to ...
bow to ...
succumb to …
One January, I had to officiate at two funerals on successive days for two elderly women in my community. Both had died “full of years,” as the Bible would say; both yielded to the normal wearing out of the body after a long and full life.
First, you must give Helen back to my brother. Second, Troy must submit to my command to fight for me whenever I call.
They are constantly after the turtles, who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities.
In the contrary school, the duck is supreme.
知识点（1）
school 流派
the Impressionist school of painting
hundred schools of thought
It comes nearer to the engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts.
语法分析：
It comes nearer to the engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts（as... 非限定性定语从句，修饰整句which引导的定语从句）. （which...定语从句）
知识点（1）
come nearer to 更像、更接近
= be similar to
It is similar to the engines …
知识点（2）Lesson04-22
man 后面代词对应 he
mankind / the human race 后面代词对应 it
Man has his problems.
Mankind / The human race has its problems.
It comes nearer to the engines with which man has 'conquered' the air, as he boasts.
Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made extraordinary progress in the accumulation of knowledge.
知识点（3）
boast of / about ... 吹牛…（人做主语）
boast that ...
【辨析】
boast 某个地方有好的东西（物做主语）
Often a valley boasted no inn at all, ...
Duck, and like them the pigeons, are endowed with steel-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird, and these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows.
语法分析：
Duck, and like them the pigeons（插入语）, are endowed with steel-like muscles, that are a good part of the weight of the bird（that ...定语从句）, and（大并列）these will ply the short wings with such irresistible power that they can bore for long distances through an opposing gale before exhaustion follows（时间状语从句）（that... 结果状语从句）.
知识点（1）Lesson03-01复合形容词
steel-like muscles
-like 像…的
Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America.
When the woman shook her head in bewilderment, Harry went on to explain that 'myrolite' was a hard, amber-like substance which could be used to remove freckles.
cat-like
bear-like animals
lady-like behavior
child-like simplicity
an angel-like girl
crystal-like eyes
flu-like symptoms
As is shown in the picture, there is a cobweb-like structure with separate compartments packed in it.
Foxes and farmers have never got on well. These small dog-like animals have long been accused of killing farm animals. (CET-4)
知识点（2）
… a good part of the weight of the bird …
good 表示多
He earns good money.
We’ve walked a good distance today.
Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport, and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.
知识点（3）
ply sb. with sth. 给某人源源不断地提供……
知识点（4）Lesson03-18
… they can bore for long distances …
写作：夸张 hyperbole；增强表达效果
prehistoric 固定的夸张修辞
中文夸张修辞：
白发三千丈, 缘愁似个长
危楼高百尺, 手可摘星辰
燕山雪花大如席, 片片吹落轩辕台
英文夸张修辞：
Everybody was clapping their hands off.
I didn’t sleep a wink last night.
He has a skeleton of a wife.
It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment.
a chance in a million
His anger nearly burst his belly.
She cried her eyes out.
The car cost him an arm and a leg.
英文夸张修辞：高级写作
For she was beautiful — her beauty made the bright world dim, and everything beside seemed like the fleeting image of a shade. —— P. B. Shelley ‘The Witch of Atlas’
托福听力真题：
A. Linda didn't like it.
B. Bill lost it.
C. It was very expensive.
D. It was very small.
M: Did you see the diamond ring Bill gave to Linda?
W: I sure did. It must have cost him an arm and a leg.
Q: What does the woman imply about the ring?
Answer: (C) It was very expensive.
知识点（5）
表达“逆风”：
opposing / adverse / unfavorable + gale / wind
表达“顺丰”：
favorable gale / wind
知识点（6）Lesson03-02、Lesson03-20、Lesson03-21 时间表达
before 的译法：before 强调主句发生的时间特别长，before 要翻译成“才”；比预期的短要翻译成“就”，有的时候要翻译成“然后”。
1).强调主句的时间很长时,译为"才”
It will be a long time before we meet again.
Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before（才） it stopped.
2).强调主句的时间很短时,译为”就”
I hadn’t waited long before he came.
I hadn’t waited long before （就）he came.
3).before “然后” Lesson03-28
I shaved before（然后） I went to the party.
…, but I decided to disembark before（连词、然后）I bought anything.
…, but I decided to disembark before（介词、然后）buying anything.
Alfred stayed in the camp a week before（然后） he returned to Athelney.
Their humbler followers, such as partridges, have a like power of strong propulsion, but soon tire.
知识点（1）
like adj. (只能做前置定语) 类似的
alike adj. (只能做表语)
similar adj. (没有限制)
【辨析】
likely adj. 可能的
probable adj. 可能的
老托福语法改错题：
Some (A) antibiotics used in (B) the treatment of human disease are like (C) only in that they are obtained (D) from fungi and bacteria.
老题：
Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girls respond to ___A___situations.
[A] similar
[B] alike
[C] same
[D] likely
You may pick them up in utter exhaustion, if wind over the sea has driven them to a long journey.
知识点（1）
utter adj. 完全的；十足的；彻底的；v. 出声；说；讲
If we glimpse the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, nor should we seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp.
That’s utter nonsense.
He looked at me in utter disbelief.
She gazed at me in utter confusion.
The swallow shares the virtues of both schools in highest measure.
知识点（1）
share v.有共同的
We share an interest in botany.
I believe my view is widely shared.
Not everyone will share your enthusiasm for the plan.
That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable. In some moods, Nature shares it.
知识点（2）
virtue n. [C, U] an attractive or useful quality 优点；长处；用处
... that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.
知识点（3）
in highest measure 在最大程度上
= to the highest degree
in great / large measure 在很大程度上
in some measure 在某种程度上
The true value of a human being is determined primarily by the measure and the sense in which he has attained liberation from the self. —— Albert Einstein
It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air travelling it may be 6,000 miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies, and slipping through a medium that seems to help its passage even when the wind is adverse.
语法分析：
It tires not, nor does it boast of its power（nor 引出并列否定句，部分倒装）; but belongs to the air, travelling it may be（插入语，“可能说是”） six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies（时间状语从句）, and slipping through a medium that（that ...定语从句） seems to help its passage even when the wind is adverse（时间状语从句）.（travelling…, feeding…, slipping… 非谓语动词引导原因状语）
知识点（1）
It tires not. （古代英语）
= It doesn’t tire.
She loves me not.
= She doesn’t love me.
And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. ——John F. Kennedy
知识点（2）
nor 引出并列否定句，部分倒装
Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them.
知识点（3）
it may be（插入语，“可能说是”）
*注意：书后解释有误
知识点（4）
nesting home 筑巢的老家
=home for nesting
知识点（5）
young n. [pl.] 幼崽；幼兽；幼鸟
the mother fox and her young
知识点（6）
slip 滑
He slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.
I’ll slip the letter under your door.
She slipped her arm through mine.
slip on the shoes
slippers 拖鞋
slip through the net 漏网之鱼
He slipped quietly out of the room.
His popularity slipped further after a series of scandals.
知识点（7）
单复数
medium ： media
datum ： data
stratum ： strata
bacterium ： bacteria
curriculum ： curricula
知识点（8）
passage n. 穿过；穿越
the passage of time
Such birds do us good, though we no longer take omens from their flight on this side and that; and even the most superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to the magpie and wish it good-morning.
语法分析：
Such birds do us good, though we no longer take omens from their flight on this side and that（though… 引导让步状语从句）, and even the most superstitious villagers no longer take off their hats to the magpie and wish it good-morning.
知识点（1）
do sb. good 对…有益
= benefit sb.
I think a trip to the beach would do us all a lot of good.
do sb. harm 对..有害
The occasional piece of candy doesn’t do you any harm.
do more harm than good 弊大于利
Raising speed limits may do more harm than good.
We have been brought up to fear insects. We regard them as unnecessary creatures that do more harm than good.
知识点（2）
take omens from ... 用…占卜吉凶
take omens from cards
take sth. as omens for ... 把… 当做…的征兆
She took all the little things that happened that day as omens for their future married life.
知识点（3）
superstitious adj.迷信的；有迷信观念的
superstition n. 迷信
foster superstition
break down / abolish superstition
知识点（4）
wish sb. sth. 祝愿某人
I wish you great success.
I wish you a splendid future.
may sb. do 祝愿某人
May God bless you.
May you have a splendid future.