Lesson 31 The sculptor speaks 雕塑家的语言
课文
Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in 3 dimensions.
对雕塑的鉴赏力取决于对立体的反应能力。
That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts; certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions.
雕塑被说成是所有艺术中最难的艺术，可能就是这个道理；欣赏雕塑品当然比欣赏平面的艺术品要难。
Many more people are 'form-blind' than colour-blind.
“形盲”的人数比“色盲”的人数要多得多。
The child learning to see, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances, depths.
正在学看东西的儿童起初只会分辨二维形态，不会判断距离和深度。
Later, for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to develop (partly by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly 3-dimensonal distances.
慢慢地，由于自身安全和实际需要，儿童必须发展（部分通过触觉）粗略判断三维空间距离的能力。
But having satisfied the requirements of practical necessity, most people go no further.
但是。大部分人在满足了实际需要后，就不再继续发展这种能力了。
Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.
虽然他们对平面形的感觉能达到相当准确的程度，但他们没有在智力和感情上进一步努力去理解存在于空间的整个形态。
This is what the sculptor must do.
而雕塑家就必须做到这一点。
He must strive continually to think of, and use, form in its full spatial completeness.
他必须勤于想像并且利用形体在空间中的完整性。
He gets the solid shape as it were, inside his head -- he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand.
可以说，当他想像一个物体时，不管其大小如何，他脑子里得到的是一个立体的概念，就好像完全握在自己手心里一样。
He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like; he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight; he realizes its volume as the space that the shape displaces in the air.
他的大脑能从物体周围的各个角度勾画出其复杂的形象，他看物体的一边时，便知道另一边是个什么样子。他把自身和物体重心、质量、重量融为一体，他能意识到物体的体积，那就是它的形状有空气中所占的空间。
And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence.
因此敏锐的雕塑观赏者也必须学会把形体作为形体来感觉，不要靠描述和印象去想象。
He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape quite apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird.
以鸟蛋为例，观赏者必须感觉到它是一个单一的实体形态，而完全不靠它的食用意义或它会变成鸟这样的文字概念来感觉。
And so with solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone.
对于其他实体，如，贝壳、核桃、李子、梨子、蝌蚪、蘑菇、山峰、肾脏、胡萝卜、树干、鸟儿、花蕾、云雀、瓢虫、芦苇以及骨头也应这样来感觉。
From these he can go on to appreciate more complex forms or combinations of several forms.
从这些形体出发，观赏者可进一步观察更为复杂的形体或若干形体的组合。
词汇讲解
perception
perception [pə'sepʃn] n. 知觉，感知能力；洞察力；看法
perception n. 含义1. [U] (fml.) ability to see, hear or understand 知觉，感知能力
visual perception
our perception of reality
Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.
perception n. 含义2. [U] (fml.) the ability to understand the true nature of sth.
= insight 洞察力
His analysis of the problem showed great perception.
perception n. 含义3. [C] the way you think about sth. and your idea of what it is like 看法
My perception of the matter is that ...
the public perception of the government's performance
【同根词】
perceive v. 觉察到，注意到；理解
perceptible adj. 可觉察的，可感知的
perceptive adj. 敏锐的，有洞察力的
【词根】
“ceive” / “cept” / “cip” / “cipate” = to take
“per” = through
perception
perceive
perceptible
perceptive
“ac” = to
accept
acceptable
acceptance
“de” = away
deceive v.
deception
deceptive
“ex” = out
except
exception
exceptional
“inter” = between
intercept
interceptor
interception
“re” = back
receive
reception
receipt
receptionist
“anti” = before
anticipate
anticipation
anticipatory
“part” = part
participate
participant
participation
“e” = out
“man” = hand
emancipate
“sus” = under
susceptible
comprehend
comprehend [7kɒmprɪ'hend] v. 完全理解
comprehend v. 英文解释：understand sth. fully 完全理解
How could you possibly comprehend the difficulties of my situation?
【词根】
“prehend” / “prehens” = to seize
“com” = together
comprehend
comprehension n. 完全理解
comprehensive adj. 包罗万象的，全面的
“ap” = to
apprehend v. 逮捕
apprehension n. 逮捕；忧虑，恐惧
apprehensive adj. 忧虑的，害怕的，不安的
“re” = back
reprehend v. 批评，指责
reprehension n. 批评，指责
reprehensible adj. 应受指责的
visualize
visualize ['vɪʒuəlaɪz] v. 设想，想象
visualize v. 英文解释：to form a picture of someone or something in your mind
= imagine 设想，想象
I tried to visualize the house while he was describing it.
I’m just trying to visualize how this hat would look with my new dress.
【近义词组】
imagine v. 设想，想象
We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines.
Imagine their dismay when they found a beautifully-cooked wallet and notes turned to ash!
picture vt. 画；想像；描写
I can't picture the village without the old church.
We found it hard to picture him as the father of teenage sons.
form a picture of … 想像…
It is very difficult to form a picture of life in the 6th Century because there is a lack of historical evidence.
Most of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert island.
conceive of … 设想；想象；构想
Can you conceive of a situation in which the United States would ever have to use its nuclear arsenal?
I have often tried to conceive of what those pages might contain, but of course I cannot do so because I am a prisoner of the present-day world, just as all of you are.
reminiscence
reminiscence [7remɪ'nɪsns] n. 回忆，回忆录
reminiscence n. 含义1. [U] recalling of past events and experiences 回忆，怀旧
And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence.
reminiscences n. 含义2. [pl] spoken or written account of one’s remembered experiences 回忆，回忆录
The novel contains endless reminiscences of / about the author's youth.
【同根词】
reminisce v. to talk or think about pleasant events in your past 缅怀往事， 话旧
reminisce about … 缅怀…
We spent a happy evening reminiscing about the past.
【辨析】
memoirs n. 英文解释：[pl.] a book by someone important and famous in which they write about their life and experiences 回忆录，自传
Lady Thatcher had just published her memoirs.
memo / memorandum n. a short official note to another person in the same company or organization 备忘录
I sent him a memo reminding him about the meeting.
课文讲解
（第一段）
Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in 3 dimensions.
语法分析：
Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in there dimensions（方面状语）（后置定语）.
知识点（1）
appreciation of … 含义1：欣赏……
appreciation of poetry and literature
in appreciation of … 含义3：以感谢……
I sent him a gift in appreciation of his help.
appreciation of … 含义2：理解……
To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions.
That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts; certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions.
语法分析：
That is perhaps why sculpture has been described as the most difficult of all arts（why… 表语从句）; certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions（同位语）（which...定语从句）（than... 比较状语）.
知识点（1）
of all
课文写法替换：
the most difficult of all arts
the most difficult art of all
课文写法替换：Lesson04-21
the greatest of all Western stars
the greatest Western star of all
课文写法替换：Lesson04-43
the most difficult of all obstacles
the most difficult obstacle of all
课文写法替换：Lesson03-32
the most valuable find of all
the most valuable of all finds
课文写法替换：Lesson03-48
the most frightening thing of all
the most frightening of all things
课文写法替换：Lesson04-13
the deepest holes of all
the deepest of all holes
知识点（2）【词汇】
involve v. 英文解释：if a situation, an event or an activity involves sth, that thing is an important or necessary part or result of it 需要……
involve (doing) sth. 需要做某事……
Community service can involve anything from gardening to helping in old people's homes.
Jane was on a diet which involved eating nothing but fruit.
【近义词组】
entail (doing) sth. 需要做某事……
This job entails a lot of hard work.
My job entailed being on call twenty-four hours a day.
Many more people are 'form-blind' than colour-blind.
知识点（1）
表达“多得多”：
many / far more + 复数名词
much / far more + 不可数名词
many / far more people
much / far more money
The child learning to see, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances, depths.
语法分析：
The child learning to see（后置定语）, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances, depths.
Later, for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to develop (partly by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly 3-dimensonal distances.
语法分析：
Later（时间状语）, for its personal safety and practical needs（目的状语）, it has to develop (partly by means of touch（插入语）) the ability to judge roughly three-dimensional distances（后置定语）.
But having satisfied the requirements of practical necessity, most people go no further.
语法分析：
But having satisfied（having done 强调主动、先发生） the requirements of practical necessity, most people go no further.
知识点（1）
go further 更进一步
I can offer you 50, but I can't go any further than that.
Whaling in Australia was stopped. But the Australian government went further and proposed a global ban.
Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.
语法分析：
Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form（后置定语）（让步状语从句）, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence（过去分词短语做后置定语，修饰effort）.
知识点（1）【词汇】
spatial adj. 英文解释：relating to the size, shape, and position of things, and the relation of objects to each other in space 空间的
changes taking place in the spatial distribution of the population
the development of a child's spatial awareness
知识点（2）
in existence 存在
This is the oldest Hebrew manuscript in existence.
知识点（3）【课文仿写】
注意：句中perception和effort都是名词，在中文中都当动词来翻译
造句1：尽管人们可以相当精确地感知金钱的力量，但是他们之中的大多数在智力上和情感上却没有进一步努力去理解人生的意义。
Though people may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of the power of money, most of them do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend the meaning of life.
造句2：
课文句型提炼：Lesson03-27
Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us.
造句2：尽管我们可以相当精确地衡量物质商品的价值，但是我们之中多数人在智力和情感上却没有进一步努力去估算人们为我们做的服务的真正价值。
Though we may attain considerable accuracy in the measurement of the value of material goods, most of us do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us.
（第二段）
This is what the sculptor must do.
He must strive continually to think of, and use, form in its full spatial completeness.
语法分析：
He must strive continually to think of（设想、想象）, and use（插入语）, form in its full spatial completeness（后置定语）.
知识点（1）【词汇】
strive v. 英文解释：try very hard to obtain or achieve sth. （为获得或实现某事物） 努力，奋斗
strive to do sth. 努力去做某事
We strive to be accurate, but some mistakes are inevitable.
strive for … 为了…而努力
women who were striving for more freedom
知识点（2）
think of sth. 想像某事物
= imagine sth.
Just think of the expense!
He gets the solid shape as it were, inside his head -- he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand.
语法分析：
He gets the solid shape, as it were（插入语，“好像”）, inside his head― he thinks of it, whatever its size（ … 让步状语从句，be动词省略）, as if he were（虚拟语气） holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand（方式状语）（as if ... 方式状语从句）.
知识点（1）Lesson03-38、Lesson04-20
as it were / so to speak 好像
They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action.
It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is, so to speak, a newer product from an improved formula.
知识点（2）Lesson03-47
语法：whatever 引导让步状语从句时，常省略 be 动词。
Whatever the source of noise (is), one thing is certain: ......
After all, whatever her faults (are), she is your mother.
The country is always beautiful whatever the season (is).
He gets the solid shape, as it were, inside his head-he thinks of it, whatever its size (is), as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand.
知识点（3）Lesson03-33、Lesson03-57
语法：as if / as though 从句中表达与事实相反或可能性很小时，可以用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反用一般过去时（be 动词一般用 were），与过去事实相反用过去完成时，与未来趋势相反用 would / should / could / might + 动词原形
Don’t act as if you were the only pebble on the beach. 不要自视太高
It is as if a single unimportant event set(过去式，虚拟语气，与现在事实相反) up a chain of reactions.
As if this were(过去式，虚拟语气，与现在事实相反) not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner.
I felt as if I had stumbled(过去完成时，虚拟语气，与过去事实相反) into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams.
It looks as if it might(虚拟语气，与未来趋势相反) rain.
It's as if they were in some sense cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures.
…, but I do not turn for protection to dreary clichés about respect of elders, as if mere age were a reason for respect.
Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found (真实语气）my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced(真实语气） the price to ₤10.
Speculations about its nature have been going on for literally thousands of years, and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is (真实语气） not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.
注意，as if / as though从句中虚拟语气为进行时的时候，一般都用were doing 的形式。
'Oh, that,' he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend.
Suddenly, the knocking turned to a forceful banging, as if someone were hitting the door with a metal rod. (The Da Vinci Code)
It looks as if he were talking to someone invisible.
知识点（4）【词汇】
hollow n. 英文解释：a place in something that is at a slightly lower level than its surface 凹陷处
The dog found a hollow in the ground to hide in from the wind.
She held the small bird in the hollow of her hand.
He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like; he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight; he realizes its volume as the space that the shape displaces in the air.
语法分析：
He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side（while...时间状语从句） what the other side is like（what… 宾语从句）; he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight; he realizes its volume, as the space(状语) that the shape displaces in the air（that… 定语从句）.
知识点（1）Lesson03-10、Lesson03-11 介词宾语
语法：副词和介词短语都可以作介词的宾语
there was a slight trembling sound from below
There is a fine view from here.
I heard them calling me from below.
They have just returned from abroad.
I took my watch from under the pillow.
He picked up the gun from behind the counter.
I live near here.
We didn’t meet until after the show.
The weather has been fine except in the north.
When I returned from abroad（副词做宾语） recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly regarded me as a smuggler.
Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below（副词做宾语）, and the captain went down to see what had happened.
Before long（副词做宾语）, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory.
After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now （副词做宾语）the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.
Towards midday, a girl heard a muffled cry coming from behind one of the walls（介词短语做宾语）.
知识点（2）
identify … with … 把……与……联系起来，把……和……等同起来
One cannot identify happiness with wealth.
Never identify opinions with facts.
He refused to identify himself with the new political party.
The politician is too closely identified with the former government to become a minister in ours.
知识点（3）【词汇】
displace v. 英文解释：to take the place of sb. or sth. 代替，取代
Gradually factory workers have been displaced by machines.
（第三段）
And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence.
语法分析：
And（接上文） the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence（后置定语）.
He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape quite apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird.
语法分析：
He must, for example（插入语）, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape, quite apart from its significance as food（后置定语）（方式状语1）, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird（that... 同位语从句）（方式状语2）.
知识点（1）
perceive … as … 把……当做是……，认为……是……
She did not perceive herself as disabled.
Computers were often perceived as a threat.
Even as a young woman she had been perceived as a future chief executive.
知识点（2）
apart from 含义1. except for 除了……
I've finished apart from the last question.
apart from 含义2. besides 除了……（还……）
Apart from their house in London, they also have a villa in Spain.
apart from 含义3. separate from 脱离开……
There can be no knowledge apart from practice.
You can hardly consider the one apart from the other.
And so with solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone.
语法分析：
And so（如是 ） with（对于…） solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone.
语法分析：补全，接上一句话
And he must also feel shape simply as shape, not as description or reminiscence with solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone.
From these he can go on to appreciate more complex forms or combinations of several forms.
语法分析：
From these（方面状语） he can go on to appreciate more complex forms of combinations（后置定语） of several forms（后置定语）.
知识点（1）
go on to do sth. （完成某事后）继续做下一件事
go on with sth. 继续做同一件事
go on doing sth. 持续做某事
The book goes on to describe his experiences in the army.
Please go on with what you're doing and don't let us interrupt you.
In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night.